A high-performance meter for measuring the parameters of rolled sheets

It is well known that the efficiency of sheet-steel production depends on the achievement of required parameters and the low cost of the product. The causes of divergence of sheet parameters from the required values are analyzed. It is shown that the conventional devices for measurement of these parameters, such as X-ray, ultrasonic, radar, and other metering systems, are ineffective, since they either involve indirect measurement and thus are not always exact or are damaging to the environment. A high-performance optical meter that enables not only precise and environmentally friendly measurement of rolled-metal parameters but also early detection of the wear of rolling equipment is proposed. Application of such a meter allows more effective production of rolled stock.     

The development of a high-precision environmentally friendly method for measuring the thickness of rolled sheets

A triangulation method for measuring the thickness of flaws with the guided radiation of a sounding signal and its reflection from the surface of a rolled sheet and reception in transducer??s elements, which correspond to the measured thickness and other parameters of a rolled sheet, is considered. The high density of dust in the atmosphere of rolling mill stands and the thermal radiation of a heated rolled sheet are shown to be the principal disturbances in the measurement of such flaws by this method. For this reason, the spectral wavelengths adjacent to the IR imaging wavelength range, viz., thermovision and microwaves, are used in this triangulation method. The advantages and disadvantages of both existing and our coordinate measurement methods are demonstrated by the example of measuring the thickness of a metal sheet.     

CCD分段测量的光学位移测量系统

为了高精度地实现大量程的位移测量,采用传统激光三角法的测量原理,提出一种基于虚拟探测器的激光三角法来测量位移。该方法基于3个CCD分段测量的思想,将3个CCD互相独立且沿光轴均匀分布,以此扩大传统方法测量的范围。使用平面反射镜作为虚拟探测器进行探测,当成像光束经平面镜反射后在CCD上成像时,系统相当于增加了一个CCD,扩展了测量量程。由准直系统、偏振片、光阑组成准直滤光系统,缩小探测器光敏面上像点的直径,减小被测表面非理想光点对测量精度的影响,从而实现了较高精度下的大位移测量。最后通过实验验证了方法的可行性。     

Design of an optical probe for testing surface roughness and micro-displacement

This paper presents a practical monitoring tool for measurements of surface roughness and micro-displacement. An optical probe of the methods based on light scattering for measuring surface roughness and optical triangulation for measuring micro-displacement is described. The proposed technique allows evaluation of surface roughness and micro-displacement of specimen by using just one device. The theoretical models of surface roughness and micro-displacement measurements have been established for the probe. The measuring principles applied in the design are described in detail and the validity of the design is demonstrated by experimental evaluations. The experimental results show that, for specimens with surface roughnesses R_a in the range from 0.005μm to 0.1 μm, micro-displacement measurements in the linear range of ± 300μm can be obtained.     

基于ADuC834的低温测量仪表设计

针对目前低温环境与低温测量领域中,低温测量仪表价格昂贵、体积庞大、测温范围窄等问题,设计出了一种基于ADuC834单片机为核心的高精度低温测量仪表。实验结果表明该仪表工作稳定可靠,而且测量精度高,测温范围宽,成本低,体积小,测量方便,便携性好,具有很高的性价比。     

小角度检查仪的设计制作

设计制作小角度检查仪用于高精度角度测量仪器(自准仪、平直度检查仪、水平仪等)的检测。     

基于光电技术的心率测量仪

考虑到人们对低成本、高精度心率测量仪的需要,设计了微型化数字显示光电测量仪。该心率计依赖二极管发射红外光,红外光透过率的改变可反映手指内血容量的周期性变化,接收二极管接收到受调制的光信号;该信号经滤波放大后直接送给80C51F310单片机进行处理,并用3个LED数码管显示出实时的心率。该系统具有方便、显示直观、功耗低等优点。     

几种波片位相延迟测量方法的比较

建立了用于波片位相延迟测量的高精度多功能测试系统,实现了在同一测试系统上应用不同的测试方法,使测试具有可比性。对光谱扫描法、Soleil补偿器法及两种光强法进行了比较测量,并结合测试结果对各种方法进行了系统的误差分析。分析结果表明,对本测试系统而言,光谱扫描法适于测量λ/2波片,测量精度主要由单色仪的精度所决定,其误差＜0.032%;Soleil补偿器法测量精度主要由Soleil补偿器精度决定,其误差＜0.18%;光强法误差与待测波片的延迟量有关,且测试光路与偏振器的缺陷对测量精度影响较大。光谱扫描法与Soleil补偿器法测量λ/2波片的结果在误差范围内相符,光强法测量结果产生较大差异的原因来自光路、偏振器及方法本身的缺陷。实验结果为不同条件下选择最佳测量方法提供了参考依据。     

基于光电积分法的色度测定仪的研制

针对物体表面色度、白度等参数的测量需求,研制了一种测量物体表面色度、白度等参数的色度测定仪。该仪器采用光电积分法,以单片机为核心,由积分球、I／V变换电路、A／D转换器件、测量显示电路等构成,给出了一种光电积分式的测量方法。该仪器通过色度探测器对被测颜色光谱能量进行积分,直接获得目标的三刺激值。结果表明,该仪器可以准确地测量试样的色度值,并通过友好的显示界面可以方便快捷地观察到测量结果。     

环境友好水基全合成金属加工切削液的研究

通过对各种环境友好添加剂筛选,选用异构脂肪酸醇胺盐和月桂酸正醇酯作为润滑添加剂,选用能对切削液泡沫有抑制作用的不同种类的聚醚(有效控制EO与PO比例的镶嵌聚醚)作为表面活性剂,选用硼酸醇胺盐作为极压抗磨添加剂和防锈剂,研制出环境友好水基全合成切削液,在不加杀菌剂的情况下,切削液的使用寿命达到一年以上。产品各项性能指标与国外同类高档产品相当,达到了环保、节能、降耗的效果。     

合理使用滤波器提高激光测角仪的测角精度

本文通过对二阶正反馈带通滤波器的分析，阐述了在激光测角仪中所涉及的滤波器对测角精度的影响，从而为实际电路设计中准确选择滤波器参数、光调制器的设计及同步电机的选择提供了理论依据，并为有效地提高测量精度、减少误差提供了一种手段。     

用于煤堆检测仪中的激光三角

根据光学原理和煤堆检测仪的具体条件,导出用于该仪器的三角法物像方程、三角结构方程和分辨率方程,并对这些方程与三角结构参量的关系进行分析、给出关系曲线图。     

单点激光三角测量系统不确定度评定

激光三角法测量是对于三维以及多维空间自由曲面非接触测量的主要方法之一,具有分辨力高、稳定性好、使用灵活、抗干扰能力强等优点,在光电检测和几何测量领域中得到广泛的应用.本文论述了激光三角法的测量原理,通过对DB-M72型激光位移传感器的实验,结合实验数据,对测量系统不确定度进行评定,达到了对测量系统进行误差分析目的.     

多燃料全密闭式重量法燃油消耗测量仪的研究

在总结分析了内燃机燃油消耗测量方法、原理、仪器和使用情况的基础上,提出了基于重量法测量原理的闭式油路系统的新方法。该油耗仪为内燃机工业提供了一种适用于多种燃料、利于环境保护、多功能、高精度、智能化的测量仪器,提高了燃油消耗的测量精度,改善了测量方法和手段。     

Using the differential method of measurement to control the accuracy of precision angle measuring structures

Specific features of monitoring metrological parameters of optical scales, limbs, or code disks are considered. A concept of building an intelligent mechatronic module on the air bearing basis for a high-performance angle measuring machine is proposed. The result is achieved by using the differential method of measurement in the mechatronic module design. This method allows one to determine the contribution of the measuring setup to the resulting error of structures.     

Non-contact inspection of internal threads of machined parts

During the manufacturing process of mass-produced automotive parts, millions of internal threads are produced annually by each automaker. The manufacturers invest a lot of effort and resources to improve the quality of the threads by inspecting their features, mainly by using manual contact gages. The majority of manufactured threads are used in threaded joints that assemble two mechanical parts. However, there are threads that have additional functionality, for example, an automotive spark plug. Recently, automotive designers have found that the angular direction of the spark plug inside the combustion chamber affects the efficiency of the engine. Hence, the manufacturers are interested in measuring the exact position of the thread starting point, allowing them to position the plug in the right direction during the plug assembly process. Our technique allows precise measurement of the thread starting point and meets this requirement. In order to improve the quality of internal threads, it is essential to measure the threads dimensional features. It is also important to inspect its internal surface for defects such as the existence of burrs, thread discontinuities, or internal porosity defects. The paper introduces two novel non-contact electro-optical techniques for inspecting small-size internal threads. The first one enables in-process internal thread geometrical measurements using a high-precision laser sensor which utilizes a motorized periscope. The second technique is based on image processing and uses innovative machine vision; a line-scan technique which uses a CCD camera with a “sight pipe” panoramic optical device. The two methods are complementary; together they allow the practical inspection of all needed features of the internal thread. The methods were tested successfully.     

Computer-aided environmental design system for the energy-using product (EuP) directive

The importance of environmental designs has recently increased, mainly due to emerging green markets, required cost savings, and legislative pressure. The Energy-using Product Directive is the most important and urgent legislative pressure to cope with in environmental engineering. Therefore, we investigated this directive in depth. The directive contains essential items and generic requirements defined by the European Commission. Specific environmental design requirements are suggested to fulfill generic requirements, and ecological profiles are required to satisfy specific requirements. The life cycle components of all products are classified into five stages, with each stage requiring its own ecological profile. To fulfill these requirements, we developed a computer-aided environmental design system for energy-using products. Many input items and analysis results were prepared for our system, and several ecological profiles were generated. A personal computer was surveyed by our system as a case study, and its environmental impacts were scrutinized. Our system also allows one to select and compare mechanically and environmentally friendly materials in the advance stages of the design process.     

慢走丝线切割加工高精度小直径深孔的工艺研究

以某光学仪器镜筒中高精度小直径深孔的加工为对象,针对该零件特点及技术要求,分析了采用传统加工方法加工该零件存在的问题,并选择慢走丝线切割的方法加工该零件。在研究慢走丝线切割加工特点及工艺规律的基础上,通过大量试验研究,总结出一套有效的工艺措施及加工参数组合。经三坐标测量仪检测,表明加工效果理想。该加工方法及参数可以广泛运用到其他类似材料和结构的零件中,为高精度小直径深孔的加工开辟出一条新的思路。     

雷达料位计在粉煤加压气化装置中的应用

雷达料位计是利用电磁波的特殊性能来进行测量的一种高精度料位测量仪表,具有测量精确、效率高、安装简单等特点。本文介绍了雷达料位计在粉煤加压气化装置中的应用、测量原理、常见问题及解决方法。     

Numerical and experimental analysis of wall thickness variation of a hemispherical PMMA sheet in thermoforming process

In thermoforming, a heated plastic sheet is stretched into a mold cavity by applying pressure, eventually assisted by direct mechanical loading. Since upon its contact with the cold surface of the mold the sheet is prevented from undertaking any further deformation, the forming sequence induces a thickness variation in the final part. This fundamental inherent defect of thermoforming technology highly affects the optical characteristics of optical products. Therefore, the more uniform the wall thickness, the less chance optical defects will occur. In this research, the production process of a hemispherical transparent PMMA sheet as an optical product was numerically simulated. The simulated process is a two-step process comprising a combination of free forming and plug-assisted forming. In the simulation, the acrylic sheet is assumed to undergo a nonlinear and large elastic deformation which merits application of hyperelastic models. Mooney–Rivlin hyperelastic model is used as the constitutive equation. The obtained numerical results are validated with those achieved from the experiments. Different combinations of free forming and plug-assisted forming methods are studied based on what percentage of total height of the final part is produced by each method. Finally, an optimum combination of the two-step forming process is proposed. With this optimum combination, satisfactorily uniform wall thickness and minimal mold marks on the product surface will be achieved.