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This paper reports an experimental study on flow boiling of pure refrigerants R134a and R123 and their mixtures in a uniformly
heated horizontal tube. The flow pattern was observed through tubular sight glasses with an internal diameter of 10 mm located
at the inlet and outlet of the test section. Tests were run at a pressure of 0.6 MPa in the heat flux ranges of 5–50 kW/m2, vapor quality 0–100 percent and mass velocity of 150–600 kg/m2s. Both in the nucleate boiling-dominant region at low quality and in the two-phase convective evaporation region at higher
quality where nucleation is supposed to be fully suppressed, the heat transfer coefficient for the mixture was lower than
that for an equivalent pure component with the same physical properties as the mixture. The reduction of the heat transfer
coefficient in mixture is explained by such mechanisms as mass transfer resistance and non-linear variation in physical properties
etc. In this study, the contribution of convective evaporation, which is obtained for pure refrigerants under the suppression
of nucleate boiling, is multiplied by the composition factor by Singal et al. (1984). On the basis of Chen’s superposition
model, a new correlation is presented for heat transfer coefficients of mixture. 相似文献
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R152a与R134a混合制冷剂替代R22的可行性研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
制冷剂R407C和R410A是R22的主要替代物,它们的温室指数(GWP)值还较高,对环境仍然有一定的影响.本文对R152a和R134a组成的混合制冷剂进行了理论研究,通过分析该混和制冷剂的环境影响指数、温度滑移特性、热力学特性、安全特性和润滑油等问题,经理论循环计算并与R407C和R410A进行了对比,结果显示:由质量分数为50%的R152a和质量分数为50%的R134a组成的混和制冷剂对环境危害很小,具有合适的性能系数(COP)和排气温度,是一种润滑特性很好的优良近共沸制冷剂,在替代R22技术上完全具有可行性. 相似文献
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R22三种替代物R134a、R410a和R407c在空调系统中性能对比研究 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
对R22 的三种替代物R134a 、R410a 和R407c 在空调系统中的性能及费用进行了分析对比,结果表明R410a 是一种较佳的替代选择。 相似文献
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对自然复叠制冷系统制冷剂选择、循环流程设计以及热力计算进行了研究,建立了R23/R134a自然复叠制冷系统实验装置.自然复叠非共沸制冷剂的沸点间距按大致等分的原则选择,一般沸点间距40~80℃.研究指出完成自然复叠制冷循环热力计算需要已知以下4个重要参数:冷凝温度、蒸发温度,以及冷凝压力、蒸发压力、浓度3个参数中的2个参数.制冷循环流程设计时,增加分凝器,可以提高低温回路制冷剂浓度;在低温回路节流阀加延时开关,可以缩短自然复叠制冷装置启动时间.R23/R134自然复叠制冷系统实验装置,最低蒸发温度达到-55~C左右,合适的R23/R134a充注浓度约在29.4%~41%之间.研究结果对自然复叠制冷系统的产品设计过程有参考价值. 相似文献
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Venkataramana Murthy V. Padmanabhan Senthil Kumar Palanisamy 《Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology》2013,27(3):917-926
This work presents an experimental comparison of exergy efficiency (EE), irreversibility at the process 1–2 (evaporator exit to compressor inlet), 2–3 (compressor inlet to condenser inlet), 3–4 (condenser inlet to expansion valve inlet), 4–5 (expansion valve inlet to evaporator inlet) and 5–1 (evaporator), and coefficient of performance (COP) of R22, and its substitutes R134a, R290 and R407C in vapor compression refrigeration system (VCRS) of an air conditioner. In addition, the effects of air temperature in the freezer with reference to environment states on irreversibility and EE have been investigated. At ?18°C air temperature in the freezer, 33°C reference environment state and 42% relative humidity refrigerants R22 and its substitutes R134a, R290 and R407C VCRSs the total irreversibilities are 665.7, 753.5, 582.1 and 677 W, and EEs are 22.9, 14.2, 26.5 and 20.6%, respectively. The refrigerant R290 is the best performer among candidate refrigerants but it suffers from flammability. Thus, R407C can considerably be used to replace R22. 相似文献
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对比研究了分别采用R22及其替代工质R410a的平行流冷凝器在室外变工况下性能的同异。通过建立平行流冷凝器的稳态分布参数模型,仿真研究了不同冷凝温度下R410a和R22的变工况特性,并引入质能比的概念对这两种工质的单位换热量所需制冷剂质量的多少进行了比较。仿真结果是R410a和R22的换热量、制冷剂侧压降和制冷剂质量随工况和冷凝温度的改变具有的相似的变化趋势,且R410a具有较高的换热量和较低的压降;两者的质能比随进风温度和进风量的升高均呈基本一致的向上抛物线的变化趋势,且R410的质能比低于R22。可以得出R410a与R22具有相似的变工况特性,适合替代R22应用于采用平行流冷凝器的汽车空调。并且R410a在传热、流动性能和降低制冷剂充注量方面均优于R22。 相似文献
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作为一种兼顾环保、节能的制冷剂,R290与R22的标准沸点、凝固点、临界点等基本物理性质非常接近,具备替代R22的基本条件,拥有广阔的应用前景和市场价值。但由于其与空气混合能形成易燃易爆混合物,存在重大安全隐患,抑制了R290制冷产品的推广和应用。本文通过总结国内外学者对改善R290制冷系统所做的研究,分析了R290替代R22存在的弊端,对提高R290系统安全性的解决方案进行综述,并根据最新研究,分别从减少制冷剂灌注量、间接使用R290以及加入阻燃剂方面对今后的研究方向作出展望,以期推广R290在制冷产品中的使用。 相似文献
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水平微圆管内R22和R410a凝结换热试验 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
R410a是被广泛看好的一种R22替代物,研究R410a的凝结换热特性对于开发适用此类制冷工质的凝结换热设备具有重要意义.搭建了微细尺度凝结换热试验台,测量了饱和温度为40 ℃、质量流速为200~1 000 kg/ (m2·s)、干度为0.2~0.8条件下R22和R410a在内径为0.941 mm不锈钢圆管内的凝结换热系数,分析了质量流速和干度对凝结换热的影响,并把试验数据与被广泛应用于传统大管道的SHAH(1979)和AKERS(1959)关联式进行了对比.试验与分析结果表明,凝结换热系数随着质量流速和干度的增大而增大,在高干度区更加明显,表明在高干度区切应力的作用增强;两个关联式均不能准确预测试验数据,最大偏差超过60%;与R22相比,R410a的凝结换热系数在较低质量流速时低于R22,在中高质量流速时与R22相当. 相似文献
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介绍了一种多功能耕整机的研发,该机结构新颖,水旱通用,主要功能有培土、旋耕等,操作轻便,田间机动性好,能爬坡、走田埂和过沟,适宜山区、丘陵、旱地、水田、果园、菜园等场合的农耕作业,且能一机多用,经济耐用,效率高. 相似文献
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总结了R22、R410A以及R32的大量文献并分别比较了三者的循环性能,其中针对在我国广泛推广的R32制冷剂所面临的排气温度过高的问题做了综述,并由此搭建了以R32做制冷剂的变频滚动转子式水冷机组实验台,利用AHRI标准空调工况设计试验,旨在降低压缩机排气温度的同时,亦到达系统高性能系数。研究结果表明:(1)相比于R410A制冷剂,在我国成本更低、系统循环性能更优的R32将作为R22的长期替代制冷剂来进行更加广泛而深入的研究。(2)AHRI标准空调工况下,R32的COP变化速率最佳,排气温度最高,且R410A与R22分别只占R32排气温度的36.3%与55%,但可通过不增加成本的湿压缩方法大幅降低R32的排气温度。(3)本文所建立的R32转子式制冷系统实验台可通过控制压缩机吸气口干度的方式来解决压缩机排气温度过高的问题,同时通过大量试验数据能够得出最佳吸气带液量以优化系统性能。 相似文献
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分别对R290和R134a进行了热力学分析,采用R290对R134a成熟机组进行灌注量试验,节流元件匹配试验,不同环境温度下,R290试验机组对比变工况试验。理论及试验结果表明:R290在系统中的单位制热量约为R134a的1.37倍,R290的单位理论COP值约为R134a的94.2%;R290的制冷剂充注量为R134a的30.3%;R290专用试验机组制热性能平均为R134a成熟机组的1.27倍,COP整体略高于R134a成熟机组,尤其在低温方面(-5℃,0℃),平均为R134a成熟机组的1.05倍。 相似文献
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为了研究单管管内蒸发性能,搭建了管内蒸发性能实验台,用隔膜泵代替了传统压缩机作为系统动力。研究了在冷却水量0.6m3/h,0.8m3/h和1.0m3/h下,9.52mm内螺纹管内10℃蒸发的制冷剂侧换热性能。结果表明,R22和R41OA的总换热系数,换热系数hr和压降均随着制冷剂流量的增加而增加,在小质量流量下,R410A比R22有更好的换热性能,看起来可以替代R22。但当制冷剂流速增大到300~400kg/(s.m2)时,R22的换热系数增加显著,而R410A趋于平缓,所以在大质量流量下,R410A没有R22换热性能好,替代工作仍待研究。 相似文献
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空间4R冗余度机器人的混沌自运动研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
通过数值仿真及分析混沌的相图法、Poincare映射法和最大Lyapunov指数法对一个空间4R刚性冗余度机器人采用PD调节器控制其末端重复跟踪工作空间内的一条封闭路径时的杆件自运动状态进行了研究。研究首次发现,基于Jacobian矩阵的伪逆法求解该机器人运动学逆解时其自运动是混沌的。 相似文献
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M. H. Korayem F. S. Heidari 《The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology》2009,41(3-4):367-385
In this paper, we present both the simulation and experimental results for position-based visual servoing control of a 6R robot using two stationary cameras . This method can deal with real-time changes in the relative position of the target with respect to the robot, while providing greater accuracy. In addition, the servo control structure is independent of the target pose coordinates. Direct and inverse kinematics equations, in addition to dynamic equations of the 6R robot, have been derived and simulated. Then we prescribe simulation of image processing, object recognition and pose estimation for the end effector and target-object in 3D Cartesian space and visual control of the robot. Afterwards, performance tests of 6R robot using two cameras have been implemented. Finally, experimental results obtained from actual implementation of visual control and tests of 6R robot in lab are presented. Analysis of error and test data has been carried out according to ISO9283, ANSI-RIA R15.05–2 standards and the MATLAB statistical toolbox. An efficient algorithm is designed for collision detection and contact determination between the 6R robot links and its environment during their rotation in controlling and performance tests. In this technique, bounding spheres on different parts of 6R robot are used to detect collisions among them. 相似文献