刚性飞轮转子-基础耦合系统的径向振动分析

以600Wh飞轮储能系统为研究对象,建立转子-基础系统的径向耦合动力学方程,通过数值积分法分别分析了不同飞轮转速对基础振动的影响和不同基础径向支承刚度对飞轮转子振动的影响,并采集了飞轮储能系统某一转速下的试验数据,与仿真结果对比,验证仿真结果的准确性。结果表明:定转子在平动和倾斜运动过程中都会受到转子固有频率,定子固有频率,不平衡量三个主要激励,改变飞轮转速或基础径向支承刚度会影响三个激励对应的频率分量和幅值。     

On the vibration of rotor-bearing system with squeeze film damper in an energy storage flywheel

The permanent magnetic bearing and the small-sized hydrodynamic spiral groove bearing are utilized as supports for the rotor of the energy storage flywheel system. The hydrodynamic bearing and the squeeze film damper do not need the oil cycle to remove the heat caused by friction because the friction loss is small. The linear dynamics model with four degrees of freedom is built to describe the vibration of the flywheel rotor-bearing system. The squeeze film dampers show good behavior in suppressing the vibration and improving the stability of the rotor-bearing system. The analytical solution of the dynamic characteristic coefficients of the squeeze film is achieved from Reynolds equation after some simplifications are taken. The numerical computation shows that the moment unbalance excites larger vibration of the rotor than the force unbalance. The upper damper plays an important role in helping the rotor pass its critical speed. The damping coefficient of the squeeze film dampers should be selected carefully. The flywheel arrived at the speed of 39,000 rpm and stored the energy of 308 Wh in the experiment. The calculated unbalance response is compared to the test response of the rotor storing quantities of kinetic energy. The comparison indicates that the dynamics model of the rotor-bearing-damper system is appropriate.     

Rotor dynamics analysis and experiment study of the flywheel spin test system

The strength study of the flywheel is important to the flywheel energy storage. The motor and bearing are the key challenges for the high-speed flywheel spin test device in vacuum. By using a small stiffness pivot-jewel bearing and a spring squeeze film damper as the lower support of the flywheel, a simple spin system was designed at a low cost and is suitable for longtime operation. The auxiliary support at the top was not removed until the flywheel passed the first critical speed. The flywheel that kept its rigid state in sub-critical state was tested at the high speed without the top support. The dynamic model of the flywheel-bearing-damper was built by means of the Lagrangian equation to calculate critical speeds, mode shapes and modal damping ratios at different speeds. The lower damper??s effects on the modal damping ratios and forced vibration were discussed. The vibrations of the flywheel-bearing-damper system were measured at the different damping coefficients in the experiment. When the lower damper was adjusted to be overdamped, the flywheel ran up to 50000 r/min steadily, and the experimental result was in agreement with the theoretical assumption. The sub-critical rotor dynamics design and pivot-jewel bearing proved to be good solutions to the spin test for the composite flywheel.     

Dynamic analysis for the energy storage flywheel system

A subcritical or supercritical rotor is often employed to improve the energy storage efficiency of flywheel systems. Consequently, it is necessary to introduce Squeeze film dampers (SFD) in the rotor-bearing system to suppress the lateral vibration of the rotor. Although the dynamic behavior of the rotor-bearing system can be investigated in a timely manner with ANSYS software, it is difficult, if not impossible, to directly solve the unbalance responses by the Full method (FM) offered by ANSYS package. The reason is because the stiffness and the damping coefficients of the SFD, which are required in the computation, are in fact functions of eccentricity ratio determined by the unbalance responses. In this paper, the model of the flywheel system was firstly analyzed by QR damped method. Campbell diagram and critical speeds were then obtained from the results. Natural frequencies and their corresponding mode shapes at the rotational speed of 0.1rad·s^-1 were also calculated. Then, the unbalance responses of rotor-bearing system with SFD support were solved through iteration and through the FM with ANSYS Parametric design language routine. The comparison between the calculated unbalance responses and the experimental responses indicates that the dynamic model is valid.     

引入摩擦的周向短弹簧汽车双质量飞轮分析模型及扭振固有特性

首次将摩擦引入周向短弹簧汽车双质量飞轮的转矩和转角关系的分析计算,获得了与测试结果基本一致的转矩特性曲线的力学模型。由所建立的发动机—双质量飞轮式扭振减振器—传动系的动力学模型,分析各参数对系统固有频率的影响。将利用摩擦实现增大转矩和过载保护的理念引入双质量飞轮的设计,为高性能双质量飞轮的产品的开发提供设计思路,揭示引入摩擦的双质量飞轮减振器优良减振的内在本质。得到考虑摩擦特性的分析模型更具真实性和更有利于提高产品的减振性能的结论,以及使共振转速完全被隔离在发动机的工作转速之外,可通过调整双质量飞轮的扭转刚度k1和初级飞轮转动惯量J1及次级飞轮转动惯量J2而实现,增加J1而减小J2对避免共振的产生是有利的。     

复合材料储能飞轮挠性结构振动的磁轴承控制

储能密度是储能飞轮的重要指标之一,选用碳纤维、玻璃纤维复合材料的储能飞轮可以有效提高储能密度,同时,选用磁悬浮支承则可以适应真空环境及减少损耗。但是,由此也增加了结构的复杂性,例如,连结飞轮转子中金属部件与复合材料之间的挠性薄壳轮毂具有不同于常规刚体飞轮的动力学模型特性。针对薄壳结构的模态振动特征与陀螺效应控制之间的矛盾,描述一种具有挠性结构储能飞轮的磁轴承控制方法。在模态分析的基础上,利用多通道添加相位整形的控制方法有效抑制了系统中的挠性结构的模态振动。试验结果表明,使用所设计的控制器,转子可平稳通过中心频率为340 Hz的轮毂——心轴挠性模态振动区域,运行转速475 Hz(28 500 r/min),轮缘最大线速度达到450 m/s,并成功实现飞轮的充放电过程。     

磁悬浮飞轮用可重复电磁锁紧装置的设计与试验

针对磁悬浮飞轮用基于机构自锁原理的可重复电磁锁紧装置,分析其原有显式电磁铁执行机构的电磁力学特性,得知其最小解锁残余力过大,若采用隐式电磁铁,可以消除解锁残余力,从而提高锁紧装置解锁可靠性。采用等效磁路法对隐式电磁铁进行磁路分析,并给出该电磁铁在执行锁紧、保持锁紧、执行解锁和保持解锁四种状态下的力学模型。利用电磁场数值分析法,对隐式电磁铁进行实例设计,并通过卫星发射过程中的正弦扫频振动和随机振动试验,检验改进后的锁紧装置对飞轮系统的保护效果。结果表明,锁紧装置的最小解锁残余力为0.25 N,远小于原有显式电磁铁方案(29.5 N),且振动测试中,飞轮定、转子的最大相对振动位移为70μm,最大位移振幅为10μm,都小于磁悬浮飞轮系统的保护间隙100μm。改进后的隐式电磁铁在提高解锁可靠性的同时,可有效地实现对飞轮系统的锁紧保护功能。     

摩擦式双级分段变刚度汽车双质量飞轮设计理论研究及应用

提出基于摩擦的双级分段变刚度汽车双质量飞轮的设计理论,实现了兼顾低转速、低转矩小扭转角下具有小刚度的柔性和大扭转角时具有高反抗转矩和大刚度的设计要求。分析所提出的摩擦式双级分段变刚度双质量飞轮结构及工作原理;对所能实现的二级过载保护的结构实现进行剖析;导出摩擦式双级分段变刚度双质量飞轮转矩特性的数学力学模型;试验表明,转矩特性的测试结果与所构建模型的仿真分析基本一致;研究扭转刚度对传动系一、二阶共振转速的影响;将利用摩擦实现增大转矩和过载保护的理念引入双质量飞轮的设计,为高性能双质量飞轮产品的开发提供了设计思路,揭示出引入摩擦的双级分段变刚度双质量飞轮减振器优良减震的内在本质。     

Numerical analysis of the dynamic behavior of a rotor-bearing-brush seal system with bristle interference

To minimize leakage and maintain the efficiency of turbomachinery, brush seal can be installed with zero clearance or interference as the flexibility. This leads to contact between the rotor and bristle pack, and may cause self-excited vibration, even instability. In this study, to establishment a mathematical model of the rotor system, a seal force model with bristle interference is proposed and the nonlinear oil-film force is applied in view of short bearing assumption. The influences of main factors containing rotor rotational speed, installing interval, disc mass, and disk eccentricity on the nonlinear characteristics of the rotor-bearing-brush seal system are conducted by adopting bifurcation diagram, spectrum cascade, axis orbit, and Poincaré map. The results indicate that the vibration amplitude of the system with bristle interference is a bit larger than that without interference. The system stability is enhanced with smaller disk mass at a higher rotational speed. The proposed model could provide valuable reference for the design of a rotor-bearing-seal system.

     

基于ANSYS的大型屏蔽电机泵转子系统建模及动力学分析

基于ANSYS建立了大型屏蔽电机泵转子系统的有限元模型,通过模态分析和谐响应分析研究了陀螺效应对转子系统临界转速和质量不平衡响应的影响。分析结果表明:陀螺效应对临界转速计算结果影响较大,转子动力学分析时应考虑陀螺效应;考虑陀螺效应后,转子系统临界转速大于设计临界转速;各测点质量不平衡响应一次共振峰值小于横向振动设计限制;叶轮中心和上、下飞轮中心振幅远大于其它位置振幅,为易振动部位,实际运行中应重点选择这些位置进行振动监控。     

Characteristics analysis of aero-engine whole vibration response with rolling bearing radial clearance

For the influence of rolling bearing radial clearance on the whole vibration in the aero-engine whole system, a real engine rotorbearing- casing whole model is established. The rotor and casing systems are modeled by means of FEM; the support systems are modeled by lumped-mass model; rolling bearing radial clearance and strong-nonlinearity of Hertz contact force at four different supports are considered. The coupled system response is obtained by the numerical integral method. The characteristics of the whole vibration response are analyzed. For rolling bearing at a typical support, the rotor, outer ring of rolling bearing and casing response characteristics at different rotating speeds are analyzed. The changing law of contact forces for each ball and the global contact forces at different speeds are analyzed. The influence of the radical clearance on the contact forces on the whole vibration is analyzed. The results show that the contact forces will be larger and the acceleration amplitude jumps obviously when the radial clearance is increased, and due to the variable stiffness of the rolling bearing, the natural frequency will appear when the stiffness changes fiercely, that is frequency-locked phenomenon. When the radical clearance is larger and the rotating speed is between two critical speeds, the rotor squeezes the outer ring now and then. Reducing the radical clearance can reduce the whole vibration and increase the rotor’s stability.     

储能飞轮转子轴承系统动力学设计与试验研究

飞轮储能系统通过飞轮升速和降速来实现电能储存和释放,研究飞轮转子轴承系统固有频率预计、临界转速设计、动平衡等动力学问题。采用永磁轴承与螺旋槽动压轴承的混合支承方式,建立储能飞轮强度、动力学和充放电特性试验研究装置,进行了动平衡、阻尼支承调整、飞轮储能系统损耗和发电量测试等试验,试验飞轮达到设计转速42.0 kr/min,总储能497 W·h,从42.0 kr/min降速到13.8 kr/min,可用放电能达到290 W·h。     

挤压式磁流变液阻尼器--转子系统的动力学特性与控制

用磁流变液代替常规挤压油膜阻尼器的润滑油,可制成阻尼特性受磁场控制的挤压油膜阻尼器,用于转子系统的振动控制。依据Bingham模型推导了磁流变液挤压油膜的雷诺方程及其解的表达式,给出了油膜流速、压力分布、油膜反力和阻尼器内磁拉力等的计算公式;以磁流变液阻尼器—刚性转子系统为例,理论分析了挤压油膜的力学特性和转子系统的不平衡响应特性;设计和制造了一种用于转子振动控制的挤压式磁流变液阻尼器;试验研究了支承在该阻尼器上的单盘偏置柔性转子系统的不平衡响应特性和控制方法。研究表明,磁拉力可降低一阶临界转速和临界振幅;油膜反力可降低转子系统在无阻尼临界转速处的振幅,并使一阶有阻尼临界转速增大;通过开关控制能使阻尼器具有最佳的减振效果,使转子振幅在全转速区达到最小。     

单轴飞轮储能与姿态控制系统误差分析

介绍了单轴飞轮储能及姿态控制一体化系统的总体构成和工作原理,研究并推导了系统的数学模型,分析了系统误差产生的原因,建立了转台角度位置误差与转子安装不同轴误差、转子偏心误差、飞轮速度测量与控制误差之间的误差关系式,并进行了误差合成。结合实际实验系统算出了各项误差,并对比和分析了各项误差。结果表明:影响系统位置精度的主要因素有飞轮安装不同轴误差、转动惯量误差和飞轮速度测量与控制误差等,其中飞轮转动惯量误差和飞轮安装不同轴误差是不可控量;而飞轮的转速测量与控制误差是可控量。最后提出了提高飞轮储能与姿态控制系统精度的主要方法,可以通过提高位置测量传感器和速度测量传感器的分辨率,采用先进的控制算法来降低飞轮的转速测量与控制误差。     

混合复合材料飞轮转子成本优化设计

基于平面应力理论,计算多层过盈装配混合纤维增强复合材料飞轮转子的应力分布;指出多层过盈装配复合材料转子多种可能的失效形式;结合增广Lagrange乘子法、粒子群优化(Particle swarm optimization,PSO)算法和经典梯度算法各自的优点,提出可求解非线性约束问题的且具有全局收敛性和较高计算效率的两阶段增广Lagrange粒子群优化算法(Two-stage augmented Lagrange particle swarm optimization,TS-ALPSO);利用TS-ALPSO优化算法,以多层过盈装配混合复合材料转子的分层半径、层间过盈量和转速为设计变量,研究多层混合复合材料转子的成本优化问题;并分析转子材料价格不变时,材料次序、分层数及过盈量对转子储能性能的影响;揭示出转子单位成本储能最大时,转子分层半径、层间过盈量及转速随转子材料价格变化的规律。     

传感器振动对柴油机瞬时转速测量影响的仿真研究

柴油机瞬时转速信号包含大量机器故障信息,但高精度测量非常困难,传感器和测速齿轮相对振动就是其中一个重要影响因素。分析了相对振动误差的来源和构成,并得到了在振动干扰下磁电式传感器输出信号的理论表达式;仿真计算结果表明传感器与齿轮切向振动产生的频率调制因素对于瞬时转速测量影响最大,法向振动产生的附加波形因素对测量影响明显,幅值调制因素对于瞬时转速测量影响较小。     

磁悬浮飞轮锁紧保护效果的检测

综合考虑磁悬浮飞轮系统及其现有锁紧机构的各项性能,提出了一套检验飞轮锁紧机构保护效果的方法。以可重复抱式锁紧机构为例,从飞轮系统性能、宏观振动响应和微观损伤三方面对锁紧机构的保护效果进行了评测。通过对比分析磁悬浮飞轮和锁紧机构在环境力学试验前后的性能测试数据,判断两者性能是否正常。环境力学试验中,利用加速度力学传感器和电涡流位移传感器分别检测飞轮系统频谱响应和飞轮定、转子间的相对振动位移,评价锁紧机构的宏观保护效果。力学试验后,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能量色散谱仪(EDS)分析锁紧面内的磨损形貌和元素成分,对锁紧机构的微观保护效果进行评价。该检测方法对同类航天产品的检测具有很好的借鉴意义。     

基于形状约束的双质量飞轮设计理论研究

针对汽车双质量飞轮在低转矩小扭转角应具有柔性和高扭矩大扭转角应具有高反抗转矩的要求,结合产品研发的工程设计,对周向短弹簧双质量飞轮实现连续变刚度的设计目标进行研究与实践,创造性地提出通过改变初级飞轮内侧接触型线以构成形状约束,对构成形状约束曲线进行分析、比较,提出曲线的选择原则。构建基于形状约束的双质量飞轮转矩特性的分析模型,用仿真计算结果与试验进行对比。分析扭转刚度k1及k2对传动系一、二阶共振转速的影响,获得了k2对一阶共振转速影响不敏感、对二阶共振转速的影响明显的结论。在小扭转角条件下减小k1可使一阶共振转速远离怠速转速,对共振完全被隔离是有利的。对基于形状约束双质量飞轮所具有的扭转刚度及共振转速的力学特性进行实例分析,表明连续变刚度非线性扭矩特性具有优势,并能以简单的结构形式,实现兼顾转矩、刚度及隔振的设计期望。     

两层预应力转子结构复合材料储能飞轮的应力及位移计算

采用预应力结构可使复合材料飞轮的应力、位移分布得到一定改善,从而提高飞轮储能密度。考虑复合材料和预应力结构的特点,建立基于各向异性对称结构理论的计算模型,得到两层预应力转子结构复合材料储能飞轮在工作转速情况下应力和位移的解析公式,对内、外两层飞轮任一点的径向、环向应力及径向位移进行较为全面的仿真分析,并利用所建立的计算模型对飞轮在某一转速时不同的位置对径向应力、环向应力和径向位移的影响进行探讨。结果表明,内层转子径向应力在外侧最大,环向应力在内侧最大;外层转子径向应力和环向应力均在内侧最大。当角速度 从0增加到5 000 rad•s−1时,内、外转子的径向应力、环向应力和径向位移都随之增大。当 =600 rad•s−1,整个飞轮径向应力、环向应力和位移的最大值出现在两层转子的接触面r=0.27 m处。该分析结果可为飞轮的设计制造提供重要的参考。     

两种载荷下掘进机截割头转子系统动力学分析

为了研究不同截齿载荷条件下（锐利截齿和磨钝截齿）掘进机截割头和悬臂系统的动力学特性，建立了掘进机截割头-转子-轴承系统的弯扭耦合非线性动力学模型。考虑截割头和转轴之间的花键啮合间隙、滚动轴承接触的非线性因素影响下，推导了掘进机截割头转子系统的动力学微分方程。然后对受到时变载荷下的截割头转子系统动态响应特性进行了分析:在锐利截齿条件下，截割头转子系统在低转速n∈［15，20］时处于混沌和拟周期运动状态，提高转速后系统处于周期运动状态;在截齿磨钝条件下，截割头转子系统的振动明显加剧，混沌运动范围增大，频率幅值波动明显。结果表明：在给定截割煤层硬度、切削厚度等前提下，随着截割转速的升高，系统由混沌运动向周期运动转变。动态分析结果为掘进机的减振和动态设计提供了理论依据。