不同强化模型下的板料成形极限

介绍Hill48屈服准则下基于不同强化模型的屈服方程.推导出能够用来确定随动强化模型和混合强化模型中参数的方程.采用单向拉伸曲线上所取得的数据,对所得方程进行拟合,得到参数值,并使用所得参数值得出三种强化模型下的单向拉伸曲线.结果表明采用上述方法能够准确地确定强化模型中的参数.给出随动强化模型和混合强化模型下成形极限的计算方法.基于三种强化模型,针对分散性失稳准则、Hill集中性失稳准则、凹槽失稳准则和平面应变漂移失稳准则,得到简单加载路径下的成形极限图和成形极限应力图.从这些图中可以看出,强化模型对成形极限图和成形极限应力图影响明显.因此应当确定板料在成形过程中的强化规律,选择合适的强化模型进行成形极限预测.     

基于成形应力极限的管材液压成形缺陷预测

基于塑性应力应变关系及Hill79屈服准则,推导出极限应力与极限应变间转化关系,进而建立2008T4铝合金的成形应力极限图(Forming limit stress diagram,FLSD)。采用LS-DYNA软件对三通管液压胀形过程进行模拟,应用FLSD预测胀形过程中破裂的发生及成形压力极限,并与传统成形极限图(Forming limit diagram,FLD)结果进行了对比。研究表明,FLD与FLSD预测结果中破裂缺陷位置相同,但极限内压力值存在很大差别,而FLSD预测结果与物理试验结果较吻合。考虑到FLD受应变路径影响显著的因素,将FLSD作为管材液压成形等复杂应变路径下的成形极限的判据更加方便可靠。     

复合变形路径下的板材冲压成形极限应变(Ⅰ)——冲压成形极限应变的立论与解析

从4个方面就变形路径对成形极限图影响的研究现状进行综述,并进一步论述了复杂变形路径和单一变形路径的概念,以及基于Hill'48屈服准则的塑性应变几何关系.为了在任意复杂变形路径下计算冲压板材的失稳极限应变,提出"任意复杂变形路径均可简化为线性复合变形路径"、"板材的冲压成形能力亦即板材允许的极限厚度应变",以及"板材在线性复合变形路径下的冲压成形能力取决于其最终变形路径的应变比值"等3个工程简化假设,并对它们进行立论和诠释.同时基于这些假设,在板材承受线性复合变形路径和前后变形路径的应变主轴发生转动的条件下,解析和推导出计算冲压成形极限应变的理论公式.利用这些简化假设和理论公式,可以在任意复杂变形路径下计算板材的冲压成形极限应变并绘制其冲压成形极限图.     

板料成形极限应力图及其应用研究进展

简要介绍了板料成形极限判据的可靠性对于板料成形质量预测与控制的重要性;分析了传统的基于应变的成形极限(成形极限应变图)判据所存在的只适于在线性加载板料塑性成形中应用的缺陷;介绍了基于应力的成形极限判据(成形极限应力图)的应用前景;综述了国内外成形极限应力图的研究进展,并指出了目前成形极限应力图研究所面临的主要问题.     

基于韧性断裂的汽车用铝合金板滚压包边成形开裂预测

通过对比铝合金平面直线翻边试验及基于集中性失稳模型得到的极限应变和开裂断口,研究了汽车用铝合金滚压包边的失效机理;基于韧性断裂、塑性增量法则和混合强化准则,理论推导得到了弯曲成形极限图,并通过试验对成形极限应力图进行了验证;最后,通过数值解析的方法,研究了韧性断裂准则在滚边成形中的适用范围。结果表明:基于韧性断裂准则的成形极限图,可以用来预测铝合金滚压包边过程中产生的开裂;包边变形过程中弯曲强化效应无法忽略,适用于拉弯成形极限预测的集中性失稳理论将无法应用于滚压包边成形。     

考虑可靠度的成形极限曲线建立方法

实验获得板材成形极限的方法是通过对不同加载路径下获得的极限应变点进行拟合,从而得到成形极限曲线。将百分回归分析理论应用到成形极限实验数据点的曲线拟合方法中,利用该方法可以对成形极限曲线的百分位值进行分析和预测,可以在给定的实验可靠度和置信度下,根据实际需要调节曲线的位置,同时为给定极限应变点分布带的上下限的确定提供理论依据。     

电沉积镍涂层的冲压成形极限右边分析与预测

基于材料实际应力应变曲线,运用多项式拟合法计算了涂层薄板的成形极限。对冲压过程中涂层薄板的等效应力和等效应变进行了推导,通过求解Swift分散颈缩失稳条件的非线性方程得到了冲压成形极限的第一主应变,获得了涂层薄板的成形极限右边曲线。计算发现,涂层厚度、基体厚向异性指数对涂层薄板的成形极限有显著影响,镍涂层的成形性能低于钢基体的成形性能,并且基于实际应力应变曲线的涂层薄板的成形极限低于传统方法计算的成形极限。     

应力加载路径对板壳塑性起皱失稳极限的影响研究

随着航天、航空、国防、汽车等制造技术领域对金属产品轻质化、强韧化的要求不断提高,塑性失稳成为制约其整体成形的难题之一,高效准确预测和预防薄壁构件成形过程中起皱失稳缺陷具有十分重要的意义.以楔形件拉伸试验作为研究对象,通过建立楔形件数值失稳起皱模型,结合分岔原理,提出一种板壳起皱极限图(Wrinkling limit diagram,WLD)数值求解及绘制方法.针对在金属板壳试件成形过程中应力加载路径对起皱失稳的显著影响,通过分析楔形件不同区域的应力加载路径,探究板壳变形时应力加载路径对临界起皱极限的影响.结果表明:对于存在彼此独立、不同受力状态起皱区域的试件,应对不同区域分别建立WLD.不同区域单元应力加载路径对WLD的影响可归纳为临界皱屈主应力比对主应变比的影响:当临界皱屈单元的主应力比越大时,临界皱屈主应变比就越大,即WLD斜率越大,工艺抗皱性越弱;同时,通过比较楔形件不同起皱失稳区域的承载变化过程可知,起皱单元的临界主压应力增加速率会影响板料的临界起皱失稳时刻.     

基于实际应力-应变曲线的电沉积镍涂层的冲压成形极限

基于Hill集中失稳理论推导出了冲压成形过程中涂层与基体的应力-应变方程,通过求解非线性方程计算出各主应变。依据实验数据采用多项式拟合法拟合了材料的应力-应变曲线,对电沉积镍涂层的冲压成形极限的左边进行了计算,并和应变硬化曲线求得的成形极限进行了比较。计算结果表明,用多项式拟合法求得的电沉积镍涂层的成形极限安全区域比用应变硬化曲线求得的安全区域要高,基体厚向异性、涂层厚度和基体厚度对板料成形极限左边影响不大。     

板料成形极限预测新判据

从控制塑性变形能的角度出发,基于总塑性功的积分形式,建立板料的成形极限预测判据.这种板料成形极限预测判据考虑应变路径变化、材料的硬化指数、各向异性系数及材料的初始厚度等对成形极限的影响.判据中的参数可由常用的单向拉伸极限应变试验确定.由此通过数值模拟可以预测板料在各种不同应变路径下的成形极限,适用于成形极限图的拉-压和拉-拉应变区,从而建立完整的成形极限曲线,可大大减少试验工作量.试验验证表明,这种成形极限预测判据对于钢板和铝合金板的成形极限可做出较为准确的预测.实现了只进行单拉试验即可预测板料在不同应变路径下的成形极限.     

Forming severity concept for predicting sheet necking under complex loading histories

A new method of predicting neck formation in sheets under non-proportional loading is proposed, based on the concept of “cumulative forming severity”. This concept is borrowed from a macroscopic model of ductile fracture where the crack initiation is governed by the accumulated equivalent plastic strain modified by the stress triaxiality and the Lode angle parameter. Such an approach necessitates a representation of the forming limit diagram (FLD) in the space of the equivalent strain to neck and the Lode angle parameter.Another new factor is the assumption of the non-linear accumulation of forming severity for non-proportional and complex loading histories. A class of non-linear weighting function is proposed with only one free parameter. A starting point in the derivation is the known FLD corresponding to proportional loading. This can be determined from Hill's and Stören and Rice analytical solutions, from numerical simulation, or else taken directly from experiments. In the case of proportional loading, necking depends on the final state of stress or strain, so it does not matter if necking severity index is accumulated in a linear or non-linear way. For non-proportional loading, the unknown free parameter of the non-linear accumulation rule must be determined from a test.Experimental data on FLDs under complex strain paths for two types of material, aluminum alloy 6111-T4 [Graf A, Hosford W. The influence of strain-path changes on forming limit diagrams of A1 6111 T4. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 1994;36(10):897–910.] and aluminum-killed sheet steel [Muschenborn W, Sonne HM. Influence of the strain path on the forming limits of sheet metal. Archiv fur das Eisenhuttenwesen 1975;46:597–602], found in the literature are revisited by the proposed model. Calibrated from only one test with non-proportional loading condition, the model is able to predict the remaining tests of complex loading paths with good accuracy.     

A theoretical and experimental investigation of limit strains in sheet metal forming

The paper deals with an analytical technique for predicting FLDs based on linear, bilinear and trilinear straining paths—although any general curvilinear strain path can be handled by the method. The analytical procedure was based on the work of Marciniak and Kuczynski (known as the M-K model). The influence of material properties, such as anisotropy, strain hardening and strain rate sensitivity, as well as the effect of strain path, on the shape and level of the FLD were investigated. Material property data were determined from tests on Interstitial Free (IF) steel sheet.An experimental FLD was constructed for the IF steel sheet in the as-received condition. Additional FLDs were also produced following pre-straining of the as-received sheet. Comparison between the experimentally determined FLDs and those predicted from the theoretical model was favourable.Conventional FLDs are constructed in strain space with the principal surface strains as coordinate axes. However, they can be plotted in principal stress space, and some investigators have claimed this is a better representation. By knowing the strain path the stress state at the limit strain can be determined, and these limit stresses were plotted in principal stress space in order to construct a Forming Limit Stress Diagram (FLSD). It turned out that regardless of the shape of the FLD and the type of pre-strain imposed, all the FLSDs were almost identical. In contrast when plotted in strain space the FLD was very sensitive to the type of straining path.     

成形极限曲线的新概念

失稳理论是成形极限曲线（ＦＬＣ）的理论基础。本文论述了ＦＬＣ理论研究中存在的问题。研究指出：一般出厂板的表面状况不会影响板料的集中失稳；板内损伤平面应变时最严重；双拉时，板内损伤的积累、发展，导致应力状态向平面应变漂移；拉压时，载荷失稳后引起的双拉，也会导致平面应变。因此平面应变状态的出现是板料集中失稳的共同原因。在此基础上，建立了ＦＬＣ左右两半部统一的模型。新模型与试验结果符合良好，优于Ｍ－Ｋ理论。     

The Computer Simulation of Tribological Influence on Strain Path and Forming Limit in Punch Stretching of Sheet Metal

The purpose of this paper is to describe the principles and results of some numerical simulations of strain path and forming limit analysis in punch stretching operations which include the tribological influence by using a realistic friction model. Three tribological variables (i.e. the mean lubricant film thickness, tooling roughness, and workpiece roughness) are required for the simulation. The calculation of these variables using lubrication theory and related semi-empirical equations are described. The active lubrication regime and suitable friction model can be determined from the current local values of these tribological variables. Friction stress can then be computed from these variables combined with more traditional parameters such as pressure and sliding speed. The limiting dome height and variation of strain path are then predicted by using the coupled FEM and lubrication/friction model. The comparison between the calculated and measured results shows that the present scheme is efficient in computation and will provide a useful tool for industrial applications.     

An analytical approach for the prediction of forming limit curves subjected to combined strain paths

In the present work, an analytical approach for the prediction of forming limit curves is proposed to incorporate the effect of combined strain paths. The effect of combined strain paths (considering the directional dependency of pre-straining and further straining) is addressed by integrating the incremental equivalent strain expression in two stages i.e., pre-strain and subsequent loading. In each stage, the strain path is assumed to be linear and different combinations of pre-strain (uniaxial, plane-strain and equi-biaxial) are considered. Material anisotropy is taken into account in each stage. The predictions of the present model are compared with the experimental results on forming limit curves under combined strain paths for Al6111-T4 [24] and are found to be in good agreement with each other.