2UPR&2RPS型冗余驱动并联机器人的运动学标定

运动学标定能够有效提高并联机器人的运动精度.以一类2UPR&2RPS型冗余驱动并联机器人为研究对象,提出了该类装置的运动学标定方法.通过将误差闭环矢量方程分别投影到运动支链的驱动方向和约束方向建立了该机器人的几何误差模型,并分离出可补偿误差源和不可补偿误差源.基于误差映射矩阵建立了误差灵敏度指标,随后通过灵敏度分析找出了对末端误差影响较大的不可补偿误差源.利用正则化算法建立了基于激光跟踪仪末端位置测量的几何误差辨识模型.标定试验结果表明,所提出的运动学标定方法是有效的.     

2RPU/UPR+RP五自由度混联机器人参数标定研究

为了提高2RPU/UPR+RP过约束混联机器人在实际运用中的精度,达到生产实践的需求,对该机器人进行误差补偿研究。首先介绍了过约束混联机器人的运动原理,随后分析影响混联机器人末端精度的各项几何误差的来源,并对提高混联机器人精度的零点标定与全标定方法进行介绍。将混联机器人分为并联机构和单摆头两部分,分别对两部分进行零点标定和全标定理论研究,然后基于激光跟踪仪搭建了标定实验系统,得到了标定后的误差参数的真实值,补偿到运动学算法中。实验结果表明,本文提出的全标定和零点标定方法可以有效提高混联机器人的定位精度。     

基于激光跟踪仪的混联机器人快速零点标定方法

研究一种新型混联机器人的快速零点标定方法。该机器人由一个3自由度并联模块及一个2自由度转头串接而成,具有刚度高、工作空间大、制造成本低等优点,如配以长行程导轨,可应用于飞机结构件自动制孔作业。介绍并联模块的拓扑结构组成,提出其逆位置分析的快速数值算法。通过建立并联模块的零点误差映射模型,侧重分析各支链零点误差对动平台位置误差的影响。在此基础上,建立基于激光跟踪仪的并联模块零点误差辨识模型,并提出兼顾辨识精度、鲁棒性及标定效率的测点选取规则。算例仿真验证了上述零点标定方法的有效性。     

利用激光跟踪仪对机器人进行标定的方法

提出一种简单的利用激光跟踪仪和线性方程最小二乘解对机器人进行标定的方法。通过将机器人运动学方程线性化,建立机器人末端凸缘盘位置误差与连杆D-H参数误差的关系方程。利用激光跟踪仪确定机器人的基坐标系,并通过圆周法求解每个关节电动机的直线方程,进而可以求得机器人的连杆扭角。通过激光跟踪仪测量机器人目标点的坐标值,并通过串口获得机器人6根轴的角度值建立标定方程。通过求解此方程,获得机器人的实际D-H参数,并将此参数应用于修正系统的运动学模型,能够提高机器人的绝对精度。最后对解算过程中的误差和原因进行说明,并对机器人的误差原因进行分析,指出标定过程中需要注意和改进的几个问题。     

基于激光跟踪仪的机器人误差测量系统标定

为了测量出工业机器人的定位误差,根据工业机器人定位误差测量系统的特点,采用基于距离约束的方法实现了了机器人Tool0坐标系与测量靶标坐标系之间的位置矩阵(工具坐标系)的自动化标定过程,同时分步实现了机器人基坐标系与测量设备基坐标系之间的位姿矩阵(基坐标系)自动化标定过程;建立了基于激光跟踪仪的工业机器人定位误差测量系统,并根据测量数据具体标定出了涉及到的各个坐标系,验证了算法的有效性,为工业机器人定位误差的测量打下了基础。     

基于激光跟踪仪的机器人抛光工具系统标定

针对机器人抛光工具系统传统标定方法精度低的问题,提出了一种基于激光跟踪仪的工具系统标定新方法。介绍了机器人抛光系统,并定义了系统的一系列坐标系,为后续的讨论奠定基础。利用激光跟踪仪分别测量机器人法兰盘坐标系位姿和工具坐标系位姿,最终获得两者之间的坐标变换关系。通过试验对机器人抛光工具坐标系进行标定,取得了较好的效果,验证了该理论的有效性和正确性。     

基于MDH模型的工业机器人标定算法与实验研究

基于机器人MDH模型,针对位置矢量误差建立了机器人模型参数误差辨识模型。利用激光跟踪仪测量机器人末端在基坐标系下一系列位置点,进而采用最小二乘法辨识出机器人模型参数误差。为充分验证辨识算法的准确性,在实验室自主设计的6R工业机器人进行仿真和实验。结果表明,文章的标定算法可以准确地辨识出机器人的模型误差参数,补偿后机器人的绝对定位精度得到明显的改善。     

65m射电望远镜天线副面调整机构标定研究

结合65m天线副反射面位姿调整任务要求,研究天线副反射面调整机构的标定问题。制定出副面调整机构标定流程与方案,利用激光跟踪仪测量机构动平台位姿,根据运动参数的实测信息,由并联机构学理论构造误差函数,并以误差函数最小化为目标进行机构运动学参数辨识;开发完成标定算法,对副面调整机构进行运动学标定,求解获得满足预期精度要求的结构参数,并对机构参数进行补偿。面向工程实际任务开展标定研究,研究结果对并联机构真正应用于工程实践具有重要的指导意义。     

机器人柔性视觉测量系统标定方法的改进

提出一种改进的柔性视觉测量系统标定方法。建立了包含手眼关系误差与机器人运动学参数误差的系统误差模型。在机器人末端安装结构光传感器构建了机器人柔性视觉测量系统,并在机器人工作空间中固定一个标准球作为标定参考物。标定时,机器人被控制在不同位姿下测量球心坐标。首先,应用机器人的理论模型初步标定手眼关系;然后,基于球心约束,通过迭代算法同时得到准确的手眼关系和实际的机器人运动学参数。基于ABB IRB2400工业机器人进行了系统标定实验,并利用激光跟踪仪进行精度验证。结果表明:标定前后机器人柔性视觉测量系统的距离测量标准差由0.566mm降低到0.173mm,充分验证了改进方法的有效性和实用性。该方法提高了手眼关系的精度;不需要采用任何昂贵的外部设备,适合工业现场使用。     

一种利用位置误差模型的机器人位姿标定方法

针对机器人位姿标定模型中位置和姿态数据的权重不合理导致参数识别精度低甚至发散问题,给出一种直接基于末端位置坐标测量的机器人位姿标定方法,避免了位置和姿态数据量级不同对参数识别精度的影响。采用指数积方法,建立一种包含3点位置信息的机器人运动学模型。通过对运动学模型取微分,利用指数映射微分公式推导出机器人末端3点位置误差与几何参数误差之间映射关系的显示表达并给出参数误差识别方法。采用激光跟踪仪作为测量设备,以UR5机器人为标定对象进行运动学参数标定和验证试验。试验结果表明,机器人末端位置误差模和姿态误差模的平均值分别降低了90%和92%。     

Pitch deviation measurement of an involute spur gear by a rotary profiling system

This paper presents surface-profiling based gear pitch deviation measurement for an involute spur gear. A rotary profiling system, which consists of an air-bearing spindle and a displacement sensor with a diamond stylus, is employed to measure gear pitch deviation. In measurement of gear pitch deviation, an eccentric error between a gear axis and a motion axis of the rotary stage in the profiling system would affect accuracy of gear profile measurement. In this paper, at first, the influence of the eccentric error on measurement of gear pitch deviation is estimated in computer simulation based on a geometric model of the profiling system. After that, a new scanning method named “opposite-direction dual scanning method” is proposed so that a steep profile of gear flank surface with a local slope of up to 90° can be measured by the developed rotary profiling system. For compensating distortions in the measured gear tooth profile, which are induced not only by the eccentric error but also by a probe offset introduced by the proposed scanning method, a self-calibration and compensation method is applied. To verify the feasibility of the proposed method, measurement of gear pitch deviation of a master involute spur gear with a certificate data is carried out. Measurement uncertainty of the proposed method is also analyzed.     

纳米精度二维工作台测量镜的面形误差在线检测

针对二维工作台测量镜本身的面形误差以及装调等因素引起面形变化对二维工作台定位精度的影响,提出了一种用于纳米精度二维工作台测量镜面形误差的在线检测方法。利用两路激光干涉仪检测面形微分数据的基本原理,分析了零点误差和积分累计误差对测量镜面形误差检测的影响并提出了改进方法。利用三路激光干涉仪组成两组不等跨度的检测机构,得到两组工作台测量镜面形的原始数据,通过这两组数据之间的关系修正跨度间的面形细节误差,得到了精确的测量镜面形误差量。对此方法进行了理论推导、仿真计算和实验验证,并将结果与Zygo干涉仪测量得到的离线检测结果进行了对比,结果显示其差异在±10nm之间,且趋势有较好的一致性。得到的结果验证了提出的方法可正确测量和真实地还原测量镜的面形误差。     

Wind speed and direction measurement based on arc ultrasonic sensor array signal processing algorithm

This article investigates a kind of method to measure the wind speed and the wind direction, which is based on arc ultrasonic sensor array and combined with array signal processing algorithm. In the proposed method, a new arc ultrasonic array structure is introduced and the array manifold is derived firstly. On this basis, the measurement of the wind speed and the wind direction is analyzed and discussed by means of the basic idea of the classic MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) algorithm, which achieves the measurements of the 360° wind direction with resolution of 1° and 0–60 m/s wind speed with resolution of 0.1 m/s. The implementation of the proposed method is elaborated through the theoretical derivation and corresponding discussion. Besides, the simulation experiments are presented to show the feasibility of the proposed method. The theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that the proposed method has superiority on anti-noise performance and improves the wind measurement accuracy.     

多维动态贝叶斯网络及其重要度分析方法

贝叶斯网络分析方法是可靠性分析的重要方法,但传统贝叶斯网络分析方法局限于分析单因素影响,当系统可靠性受多因素影响时会产生较大分析偏差。为此,提出多维动态贝叶斯网络分析方法,借助单位阶跃函数与冲激函数进行贝叶斯网络时间连续化构造,建立根节点受多因素影响时系统的失效概率分布函数。在此基础上,对传统重要度分析方法进行多维扩展,提出多维动态贝叶斯网络重要度分析方法。通过对斗轮机张紧机构液压系统进行工程实例分析,并与离散时间贝叶斯网络分析方法分析结果对比,验证了多维动态贝叶斯网络及其重要度分析方法的可行性和优越性,为系统改进与薄弱环节识别提供了更为准确的量化依据。     

厚板窄间隙多道埋弧焊温度和残余应力分布

通过有限元数值模拟的方法,分析厚板窄间隙埋弧焊的温度分布,同时给出了厚板上、下表面和厚度方向上的残余应力分布曲线.通过热电偶构成的温度测量系统测得试板特定点上的温度分布,且在焊接完成冷却一段时间后利用盲孔法测量了试板上、下表面特定点上残余应力大小.有限元计算结果和试验测量结果吻合较好,证明了该有限元模型的合理性,为评价焊接接头性能提供了参考.特别是,在厚度方向上不便测量的残余应力分布曲线可以通过有限元数值模拟的方法获得,为实际考查厚板内部残余应力分布提供依据.对于两者结果有较大偏差的地方,分析该偏差出现的原因.     

选煤厂胶带运输机皮带跑偏分析及改进措施

通过对选煤厂胶带运输机运行过程中皮带跑偏特点的分析和归纳,以及日常操作中积累的现场经验,分析了跑偏规律,提出故障处理方法及改进措施,并提出一种包胶滚筒的改造方法,保证胶带运输机的安全生产,延长设备使用寿命。     

Online measurement and correction of post-weld shift in laser welding packaging for laser diodes

In order to measure and correct post-weld shift (PWS) which is inherent in the laser welding packaging process for laser diodes, a novel method based on strain gauges was proposed to perform online measurement of the welding shift in real time. This method can measure micro-displacement caused by laser welding in two directions with submicrometer accuracy. The direction and magnitude of PWS can be determined from measurement results, and then correction welding is applied to compensate the PWS in prescribed direction. The measurement system was established and experiments of laser welding, PWS measurement, and correction for specially designed laser diode packaging assembly are conducted. Experimental results show that the proposed method is able to measure the PWS accurately in real time, and the coupling light power can be regained to over 90% of the power before welding with laser hammering technique according to measurement results. With advantages of low cost, comparable accuracy, and real-time measurement, the proposed method will be very useful for improving the packaging productivity and performance for widely used transistor outline (TO)-Can style laser diodes.     

A Study for robustness of objective function and constraints in robust design optimization

Since randomness and uncertainties of design parameters are inherent, the robust design has gained an ever increasing importance in mechanical engineering. The robustness is assessed by the measure of performance variability around mean value, which is called as standard deviation. Hence, constraints in robust optimization problem can be approached as probability constraints in reliability based optimization. Then, the FOSM (first order second moment) method or the AFOSM (advanced first order second moment) method can be used to calculate the mean values and the standard deviations of functions describing constraints and object. Among two methods, AFOSM method has some advantage over FOSM method in evaluation of probability. Nevertheless, it is difficult to obtain the mean value and the standard deviation of objective function using AFOSM method, because it requires that the mean value of function is always positive. This paper presented a special technique to overcome this weakness of AFOSM method. The mean value and the standard deviation of objective function by the proposed method are reliable as shown in examples compared with results by FOSM method.     

Deviation modeling of manufactured surfaces from a perspective of manufacturing errors

Assembly analysis, as an important step in the product design stage, provides verifications of product design with specific requirements. The manufactured surfaces that participate in the analysis result from different manufacturing methods and show inconsistency with the designed surfaces due to the effects of numerous manufacturing errors. These deviations have a vital impact on the assembly analysis results and make a big difference on the final product design process. Therefore, consideration of such manufactured surface deviations in assembly analysis is critical in order to achieve an effective product design. In this paper, a general surface deviation modeling and representation approach based on curvilinear coordinate system is proposed. Different curvilinear coordinate systems for various manufacturing methods are defined on nominal product surfaces. By introducing the deviation dimension in the orthogonal direction of the curvilinear coordinates, deviation coordinate systems are formed. The deviation coordinate system could be used to describe deviation surfaces resulting from numerous manufacturing errors with deviation functions. As an example, non-ideal planar surfaces in the face milling process are modelled with the proposed method. With the generated non-ideal planar surfaces, the sealing performance analysis of an assembly is implemented. The validity of the proposed method and its applicability in simulation are verified in the end.     

制冷空调产品检测主辅侧偏差及其解决方案探讨

介绍了各种制冷空调产品的性能检测过程中主辅侧偏差的测量方法,分析了影响主辅侧偏差的因素和常见主辅侧偏差的超标原因,并提出了相应的解决方法和提高的措施,旨在有利于解决当前主辅测偏差超标带来的问题。