基于X射线衍射线形分析的铝合金切削表层晶体特征研究

为深入研究高速高效加工条件下材料表层晶体特征形成机理,提高铝合金构件服役性能,同时解决传统观察法较难得出晶粒尺寸与位错密度统计学规律的问题,立足微观,以铝合金7050-T7451为研究对象,将材料学与物理学中基于X射线衍射线形分析的Modified Warren-Averbach和Modified Williamson-Hall方法引入切削加工表层微观组织分析中,实现了不同切削速度下切削表层微观组织结构的定量研究。研究表明,高速切削条件下已加工表面以刃位错为主,得出了位错密度值（高达1015m-2以上）与位错密度变化规律,并从塑性变形及能量角度解释了其形成机理;拟合出了晶粒尺寸分布曲线,并通过分布函数分析了已加工表面晶粒分布均匀性;当切削速度高于4500m/min时可以得到位错密度相对较低、晶体尺寸较均匀的已加工表面。     

超高强度钢热场-超声复合滚压表层微观组织强化机制

针对超高强度钢冷塑性变形能力弱、表面形变强化难度大的问题,提出热场-超声复合滚压强化方法。开展45CrNiMoVA钢表面热场-超声复合滚压试验,利用SEM、EBSD和TEM等检测手段,结合表面层残余应力分布结果,表征、分析表层微观组织的演变与强化机制。发现在声软化效应和热软化效应耦合作用下,热场-超声复合滚压后45CrNiMoVA钢表层材料的塑性变形程度加剧,塑性变形层深度增加,表层材料发生晶粒细化,形成沿深度方向晶粒尺寸呈梯度分布的微观组织结构,细晶强化和位错强化是主要的强化机制。证明了热场-超声复合滚压方法的有效性,对超高强度钢零件表面强化处理技术的发展具有重要意义。     

金属材料在振动切削时脆化机理的研究

振动切削实质是一种高能量冲击切削。位错、挛晶、微晶和亚晶粒组织是高能冲击切削时金属材料的主要组织形态,高密度变形条带相互交叉、阻滞或截割,使晶体组织严重细化为微晶,同时发生严重的点阵畸变,使晶体的自由能升高,金属材料的强度硬度升高,同时塑性韧性下降。特别是在高速、高能量冲击载荷的作用下,变形区内主要组织形态是孪晶和亚晶粒,材料的塑性和韧性降低,脆性大幅增加。切削时,呈现脆性分离形成的崩碎切屑。     

Nb微合金低碳钢表层超细晶中厚板的研制

应用中间坯加速冷却-轧制-轧后加速冷却工艺轧制的10mm表层超细晶(1～5 μm)Nb微合金高强度钢板,超细晶层厚度为0.5～2.0 mm,其屈服强度达到640 MPa,抗拉强度740 MPa,伸长率达到27%,-40℃冲击吸收功大于130 J.利用光学电镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察分析组织,得到如下结论:铁素体晶粒超细化的机制是过冷奥氏体应变诱导铁素体相变,先共析和应变诱导的铁素体动态再结晶;强化机制为细晶强化,Nb析出物的弥散析出强化,位错及亚结构强化;在实施中间坯加速冷却前通过再结晶区轧制得到细化的奥氏体晶粒,或未再结晶区轧制获得形变奥氏体晶粒,或在中间坯加速冷却后增大轧制压缩比,和降低轧后加速冷却的终冷温度均有利于获得表层超细晶粒,同时增大整个厚向超细晶粒比例.     

单晶铜原子力显微镜加工过程亚表面变形层的分子动力学仿真

建立了原子力显微镜针尖切削单晶铜的三维分子动力学模型,采用嵌入原子势模拟工件原子之间的作用,采用Morse势模拟工件原子和刀具原子之间的作用.研究了工件材料的不同晶向和刀具切削方向、切削速度对工件亚表面变形层深度的影响.引入了原子势能变形判据,通过分析不同变形区域内原子的势能变化判断工件变形程度.观察了不同切削状态下亚表面原子势能的变化,发现工件材料晶向和切削方向对亚表面变形层深度有着显著影响.在切削速度为20～250 m/s范围内,切削速度对亚表面变形层深度没有影响.     

涂层刀具高速切削GH2132铁基高温合金加工表面变质层研究

加工表面变质层结构对零件使用性能起到重要作用,采用TiN/TiCN/TiAlN涂层硬质合金刀具对GH2132铁基高温合金进行高速切削试验,分析其加工表面变质层结构特征及形成机理。结果表明：经过涂层刀具高速加工的GH2132铁基高温合金表面变质层由白层和暗层组成,随着切削参数增加,加工表面塑性变形增大,晶粒细化,致使白层厚度增大;在加工表面微观结构电子背散射衍射(EBSD)分析中发现孪晶的存在,随着切削速度的提高,孪晶的数量增加,诱导材料组织发生相变,材料组织在转化过程中晶粒被拉长,促进塑性变形,从而引起加工表面组织再结晶。     

H13钢硬态铣削表面变质层研究

硬态切削中表面变质层对工件的物理力学性能和服役性能有重要影响。针对表面变质层厚度与晶粒细化程度问题,进行了H13钢硬态铣削正交试验,分析了变质层厚度与加工表面层微观组织演变的关系;建立了表面变质层厚度S关于切削速度v、径向切削深度a_e、每齿进给量f_z的预测模型。结果表明:变质层厚度越大,加工表面晶粒细化程度越高;白层的产生会弱化晶粒细化程度;回归模型可以较为准确地预测加工表面变质层厚度。     

不同冷却润滑条件下TB6钛合金高速切削表面完整性研究

通过TB6钛合金高速铣削试验,测量观察加工表面粗糙度、表面三维形貌和表层微观组织等表面完整性特征,利用极差法分析切削参数对表面粗糙度影响的显著性,探讨冷却润滑条件对加工表面形貌和表面变质层的影响。研究表明:工艺参数对表面粗糙度影响程度依次为径向切深、切削速度、进给量和轴向切深;相比低温冷风加,微油雾润滑加工时钛合金表面粗糙度低,且表面无明显晶粒变形,表明加工表面塑性变形是影响粗糙度的主要因素。     

微合金化非调质钢强韧化机理研究

通过显微组织观察,并结合力学性能分析,研究了新开发的微合金化非调质钢的强化与韧化机理.结果表明：该钢的强化包括相变强化、位错和亚结构强化、弥散强化以及细晶强化,而韧性则是由粒状贝氏体的铁素体基体的韧性及晶粒尺寸两方面所决定,并且该钢热轧空冷态和回火态的强韧化机制有一定的差别.     

纯铝表面机械研磨纳米化后的显微组织和硬度

对纯铝进行表面机械研磨处理形成纳米层,用XRD、TEM对表面纳米层进行了表征,并对沿深度方向的硬度变化进行分析.结果表明:晶粒细化后的主要微观特征是在原始晶粒内形成位错缠结、位错胞和高密度位错墙;随着应变的增加,这些位错组态逐渐演变成位错胞、亚晶、位错墙-显微带结构和层状胞块结构;随着应变和应变速率的进一步增加,晶粒细化遵循逐渐细分原则,逐渐在表面形成随机取向的纳米晶;与试样心部硬度相比,其表面硬度明显提高.     

机械加工强化机理与工艺技术研究进展

综述了两种机械加工强化机理：组织强化和应力强化。根据晶体位错理论分析,组织强化通过改变金属材料微观组织,提高位错密度,使材料流变应力增加,强度提高。介绍了用于解释机械加工位错强化、晶界强化、应变强化、择优取向强化的理论模型及各强化机理在机械加工强化中的作用,分析了应力强化中残余应力的产生原因。以文献研究为基础,总结了机械加工工艺强化原理和工艺设备的发展现状,讨论了机械加工强化机理和强化工艺的对应关系,指出了机械加工强化工艺的发展方向。     

Topography and microstructure of the cutting surface machined with abrasive waterjet

Abrasive waterjet (AWJ) technology has been widely used for cutting materials in precision machining. The present paper reports the surface topography and microstructure of the cutting surfaces machined by AWJ. Four different kinds of ductile metallic materials were used for preparation of specimens. With the AWJ processing technique, smooth surfaces were easily obtained with a lower surface roughness about 2 to 3 μm. By comparing the microhardness of the specimens with the control surface sample obtained by wire electrodischarge machining, it is found that there is no heat-affected zone on the cutting surfaces machined by AWJ. By observing the surface morphology and microstructure, the features of friction and wear marks are revealed. The results show that a smooth cutting surface is more easily obtained on hard materials, while erosions on soft material surfaces are more serious. All scratches have a clear consistent direction, under the action of mechanical abrasive wear.     

Experimental Study on Cutting Forces and Surface Integrity in High-Speed Side Milling of Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy

This article is concerned with the cutting forces and surface integrity in high-speed side milling of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. The experiments were conducted with coated carbide cutting tools under dry cutting conditions. The effects of cutting parameters on the cutting forces, tool wear and surface integrity (including surface roughness, microhardness and microstructure beneath the machined surface) were investigated. The velocity effects are focused on in the present study. The experimental results show that the cutting forces in three directions increase with cutting speed, feed per tooth and depth of cut (DoC). The widths of flank wear VB increases rapidly with the increasing cutting speed. The surface roughness initially decreases and presents a minimum value at the cutting speed 200 m/min, and then increases with the cutting speed. The microstructure beneath the machined surfaces had minimal or no obvious plastic deformation under the present milling conditions. Work hardening leads to an increment in micro-hardness on the top surface. Furthermore, the hardness of machined surface decreases with the increase of cutting speed and feed per tooth due to thermal softening effects. The results indicated that the cutting speed 200 m/min could be considered as a critical value at which both relatively low cutting forces and improved surface quality can be obtained.     

纳米多晶铜单点金刚石切削亚表层损伤机理

基于Poisson-Voronoi和Monte Carlo方法构建了多晶铜分子动力学模型,研究了纳米切削中多晶铜材料去除、切削力变化及晶界与位错间的相互转化机制。研究结果表明：晶界的阻碍作用使得切屑流向发生了改变,并在已加工表面形成凹槽和毛刺;切削过程中晶界前方材料变形能的逐渐积聚及晶界的最终断裂,造成了切削力发生由最大峰值到最小谷值的大幅波动;晶界附近的材料去除经历了材料变形积聚、位错穿越晶界、晶界转变为位错及晶界最终断裂等过程。通过详细分析多晶铜纳米切削中位错与晶界间的演化过程,揭示了晶界与位错间的相互转化机制,丰富了多晶铜亚表层损伤机理的内涵。     

Influence of cutting condition on white layer induced by high speed machining of hardened steel

White layer formed on machined surface during dry and hard high speed machining has great influence on workpiece performance. Studying machined surface white layer is significant to improve the machinability and surface quality of workpiece. Experiments of dry and hard high speed machining of GCr15 bearing steel and 40CrNiMoA alloy steel were carried out with PCBN inserts, the phase composition and the thickness of white layer were studied experimentally; the formation mechanism of the white layer were studied; effects of cutting parameters, carbon content of substrate material on white layer thickness were analyzed; effects of cutting speed on retained austenite content in machined surface were also summarized. Results show that the microstructure of white layer consists of cryptocrystalline martensite, retained austenite and carbide; the white layer is formed by martensitic transformation; the white layer thickness and the retained austenite content of machined surface increase firstly and then decrease with cutting speed; the white layer thickness increases with flank wear and carbon content.     

Influence of thermal mechanical coupling on surface integrity in disc milling grooving of titanium alloy

Disc milling strategy has been applied in grooving for decades for its capacity to provide huge milling force on the difficult-to-cut material. The processing efficiency of machined components thus can be tremendously improved with the application of disc milling. However, the fundamental research of the mechanisms of disc milling on cutting metal materials, especially on titanium alloys, is lacking in the literature. In this study, the milling force and temperature were inspected in disc milling grooving experiment, and the effect of thermal-mechanical coupling on surface integrity of titanium alloy, including surface roughness, surface topography, surface and subsurface residual stress, microstructure, and microhardness, was analyzed. The results showed that a better surface quality can be obtained at the center of the surfaces compared to the marginal regions on the same machined surface. Residual compressive stress was generated on the machined surface and subsurface and gradually reduced to zero with an increase in depth. The microstructure of lattice tensile deformation was emerged along feed direction, while the phase transition was not produced. A hardened layer was found on the machined surface and subsurface, mostly causing by the mechanical loads and oxidation reaction.     

Machinability of Elongated Coarse Grain Fe-Based Superalloys

□ In conventional metal cutting process, materials are assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic structure. However, some materials with a single crystal or coarse elongated polycrystalline demonstrate strong anisotropic behavior in physical and mechanical properties in machining of some superalloy materials. The anisotropic structure always leads to variation at machinability properties of the material. In this study, machinability properties of ferritic superalloy PM2000, which had elongated a few coarse grains, were investigated. These properties were determined by investigation of chip formation, cutting forces and surface roughness. Machinability was assessed by single-point turning on a CNC lathe and turning forces were measured by using a Kistler Lathe Dynamometer. The chip formation mechanisms in machining of PM2000 at various cutting speeds were determined by using a quick-stop device (QSD). Chip roots and machined surfaces were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the machinability properties of the PM2000 were changed by orientated coarse grain structure. Three types chip formation mechanism were determined at the same cutting conditions. Also, surface roughness on the machined each grain changed with changing the grain to be cut. Surface roughness and force fluctuations decreased with increasing the cutting speed; however, tool wearing increased.     

Numerical study of welding simulation and residual stress on butt welding of dissimilar thickness of austenitic stainless steel

It has been well documented in the literature the importance of strict surface integrity checks upon performance and quality of machined components, especially for the safety critical components (e.g., aerospace) that work at cyclic high mechanical loads and elevated temperatures. In this field, Waspaloy, within the commercially available nickel-based superalloys, is extensively applied in different industries such as aircraft, chemical plant equipment, and petrochemical equipment. The main objective of this paper is to implement a reliable FE model, for dry orthogonal machining of Waspaloy, capable to predict microstructural changes and dynamic recrystallization during the cutting process. A user subroutine was implemented in FE code to simulate the dynamic recrystallization and consequently grain refinement and hardness variation on the machined surface and below it. Zener–Hollomon (Z-H) and Hall–Petch (H-P) equations were employed to, respectively, predict grain size and microhardness. In addition, depth of the affected layer was controlled using the critical strain equation. FE numerical model was properly calibrated using an iterative procedure based on the comparison between simulated and experimental results. Finally, very good agreement was found between experimental and simulated results of grain size, microhardness, depth of the affected layer, and other fundamental variables such as cutting forces, temperature, and chip morphology.