基于能量变化率的气体超声波流量计信号处理方法

针对气体超声流量计信号处理中不易找到稳定的测量特征点的问题,提出了一种基于能量变化率的过零检测信号处理方法,以及最优阈值参数的选取方法。基于能量变化率的过零检测信号处理方法首先求取能量变化率曲线上的关键阈值点,然后回溯到原始波形信号上,找到对应的过零点,并以此作为信号的稳定特征点,进而求得信号的传播时间及气体流量。在以FPGA和DSP为核心的气体超声流量计信号处理系统上实时实现了算法,并进行标定实验,实验结果验证了方法的有效性。     

Applications of digital signal processing methods in TOF calculation of ultrasonic gas flowmeter

Ultrasonic gas flowmeters (UGFM) are extensively used in petroleum, chemical, natural gas and other fields because of their distinctive measurement advantages. As the core technology of the UGFM, digital signal processing technology determines its measurement accuracy and stability. This paper systematically reviews the signal processing methods for measuring the TOF (time of flight) based on the principle of time difference method. According to the stability of the feature information extracted by different digital signal processing methods, the advantages and disadvantages of each method are analyzed. Aiming at the problems of serious energy attenuation, weak echo signal amplitude, and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) when ultrasonic signal propagate in the gas, different signal processing methods are evaluated and compared from the aspects of calculation accuracy, response speed, anti-interference ability and sensitivity to parameter changes. Finally, some improvement ideas and directions for further research are proposed according to the analysis results.     

Estimating ultrasonic time-of-flight through echo signal envelope and modified Gauss Newton method

The accurate estimation of ultrasonic Time-Of-Flight (TOF) is essential in ultrasonic non-destructive testing (NDT). In this paper, a novel method for TOF estimation through envelope is proposed. Firstly, the wavelet denoising technique is applied to the noisy echo to improve the estimation accuracy. Then, the Hilbert transform (HT) is used in ultrasonic signal processing in order to extract the envelope of the echo and to reduce the computational burden. Finally, the echo parameters are estimated by using a Modified Gauss Newton (MGN) based nonlinear Least Squares (LS) estimation method. And, a fast algorithm is adopted to estimate the parameters of M-superimposed echoes. Numerical simulation and experimental results have been carried out to show the performances of the proposed method in estimating TOF of ultrasonic signal.     

基于经验与变分混合分解的超声回波信号噪声消除方法

超声缺陷检测结果易受超声回波信号中复杂噪声的干扰,为了提高超声缺陷检测的准确度,提出一种基于混合分解的 超声回波信号噪声消除方法。 采用经验模态分解算法结合相关系数指标对超声回波信号进行预处理,得到消除低频噪声分量 的超声回波预处理信号。 基于变分模态分解将该预处理信号分解为一系列窄带本征模态函数,引入互信息指标估计变分模态 分解的最优模态数量,并根据窄带本征模态函数与预处理信号的相关系数提取有用的模态分量,实现对超声回波信号去噪结果 的重构。 通过仿真和实测超声回波信号验证了本文方法的去噪性能,并与现有方法进行了对比。 结果表明,本文方法可同时消 除超声回波信号中的高频和低频噪声,在不同信噪比条件下 EMD、VMD 和本文方法去噪结果的 SNR 均值分别为 10. 01、9. 48 和 16. 09 dB,验证了本文方法对于超声回波信号噪声消除的优越性。     

金属材料小缺陷超声反射信号建模及识别

为了能从含噪声金属材料超声检测信号中有效识别出微小缺陷回波,建立了金属材料超声反射信号模型并提出了基于相关系数的微小缺陷回波识别方法。对含微小缺陷金属材料超声脉冲反射信号的成分进行分析,建立了基于散射声场与高斯回波理论的优化超声回波模型。设计了超声缺陷回波位置识别方法。该方法对超声脉冲反射信号去噪后,取探头发射脉冲信号为参考信号;然后与去噪后的信号逐段求解相关系数;最后对该相关系数序列进行阈值化处理,获得缺陷回波在超声回波信号中的位置。将利用上述优化超声回波模型生成的超声反射信号及其频谱与实验获得的金属材料超声反射信号及其频谱进行了对比,结果表明:两者的时频域特征具有一致性。当将阈值设定为相关系数序列最大值的60%时,能够有效从超声背散射信号中识别出金属材料微小缺陷回波。     

数字信号处理技术在科氏质量流量计中的应用

科氏质量流量计是目前应用范围最广、发展速度最快的流量计之一。数字信号处理技术是科氏质量流量计的核心技术,直接决定其测量精度、测量稳定性等性能指标;而流量传感器输出信号的数学模型是信号处理的依据和基础。国内外学者提出了多种信号处理方法,但是,没有根据不同的信号模型和不同的应用场合对各种信号处理方法进行比较和评价。为此,根据不同数字信号处理方法的特征量提取原理,分析了其具有的优缺点。针对科氏质量流量计单相流、批料流与气液两相流测量这3种典型应用场合中存在的关键技术问题,依据随机游动信号模型、突变信号模型和自回归滑动平均(ARMA)信号模型,分别从计算精度、响应速度、收敛性、抗干扰能力和对参数变化的敏感度等方面,对不同信号处理方法进行考核和对比,确定了3种典型应用场合下,解决关键技术问题,性能最佳的数字信号处理方法。     

应用微分算法处理特种管道测厚激光超声信号

为了实现特种管道在高温、高压、辐射等特殊环境下管壁厚度的非均匀性检测,提出一种基于微分算法的管道壁厚激光超声测量及特征信号处理方法。采用脉冲激光激励和激光干涉探测的激光超声方法,实验测得管道试件的宽频带激光超声信号。采用数字平均算法对宽带激光超声信号进行去噪处理,提高原始激光超声信号的信噪比。采用微分算法对激光超声信号进行特征提取处理,得到表征管壁厚度的激光超声特征信号。根据管道材料声速和激光超声传播时间反演计算得到管道试件的壁厚值,管壁厚度测量值与实际值的误差小于5%。研究表明,基于微分算法的管道壁厚激光超声测量及特征信号处理方法具有良好的信噪比、准确的信号特征量和较高的测量精度,可用于管道壁厚的在线实时检测以及因腐蚀、应力引起的管道壁厚不均匀性检测。     

超声信号的特征提取与选择在缺陷分类识别中的应用

超声缺陷回波信号的特征提取与选择是超声波检测的基础和关键。结合待检测超声信号的特点,在时域、频域上研究了超声缺陷信号的特征提取,提出SBS和SFS结合的特征选择方法。在满足识别准确率的同时,有效地降低了分类器输入向量的维数,提高了运算效率。     

基于Laguerre滤波的超声波流量计降噪方法研究

针对气体超声波流量计利用过零检测定位波形脉冲时的干扰因素,以及计算系统对数据处理实时性的要求,对基于Laguerre滤波的递归最小二乘（RLS）降噪算法进行了研究,实现了在处理速度与稳定性上的折中。为信号后处理提供了理想的波形,避免了波形失真导致脉冲漏检、零位判断错误等误差因素的产生,给出了实时性强、波形定位准确、系统稳定性和抗干扰性能良好的气体超声流量计信号处理算法。研究结果表明,基于此算法的气体超声波流量计经检验具备2级精度。     

Wire bonding quality monitoring via refining process of electrical signal from ultrasonic generator

In this paper, a technique for on-line quality detection of ultrasonic wire bonding is developed. The electrical signals from the ultrasonic generator supply, namely, voltage and current, are picked up by a measuring circuit and transformed into digital signals by a data acquisition system. A new feature extraction method is presented to characterize the transient property of the electrical signals and further evaluate the bond quality. The method includes three steps. First, the captured voltage and current are filtered by digital bandpass filter banks to obtain the corresponding subband signals such as fundamental signal, second harmonic, and third harmonic. Second, each subband envelope is obtained using the Hilbert transform for further feature extraction. Third, the subband envelopes are, respectively, separated into three phases, namely, envelope rising, stable, and damping phases, to extract the tiny waveform changes. The different waveform features are extracted from each phase of these subband envelopes. The principal components analysis (PCA) method is used for the feature selection in order to remove the relevant information and reduce the dimension of original feature variables. Using the selected features as inputs, an artificial neural network (ANN) is constructed to identify the complex bond fault pattern. By analyzing experimental data with the proposed feature extraction method and neural network, the results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed feature extraction method and the constructed artificial neural network in detecting and identifying bond quality.     

Estimation of ultrasonic signal onset for flow measurement

Accurate determination of time-of-flight (TOF) is crucially important for precise ultrasonic flow measurement. Detection of ultrasonic signal onset (USO) is considered as an effective approach to determine the actual value of TOF. The USO can be estimated by signal fitting methods. However, the estimation accuracy and reliability of existing methods still need to be improved. This paper proposes a signal fitting method based on artificial fish swarm algorithm and particle swarm optimization combined algorithm (AFSA-PSO). In the method, AFSA is introduced to search all possible solution spaces firstly, considering the multi-modal characteristic of the objective function in signal fitting which is easily being amplified by the strong noise. Then, a feasible solution extraction strategy is proposed to extract the local optimal solution in every space. Finally, PSO is employed to further process the local solutions to obtain the accurate USO. The method is validated by both numerical and experiment tests, using simulated signals with different strength noise and measured signal in actual ultrasonic flowmeter respectively. Comparisons with the methods proposed by other researchers are also given in the paper. The proposed AFSA-PSO is found to be more accurate, more robust, having better anti-noise ability and less time-consuming under a given accuracy requirement.     

基于IIR小波滤波器的涡街流量计数字信号处理系统

涡街流量计被广泛应用于过程工业,但是,由于易受由管道振动和流场扰动等因素干扰,现场测量精度无法保证,测量小流量困难。本文将小波滤波器组应用于涡街流量计信号处理中,研究基于小波滤波的涡街信号处理方法,分析了小波滤波器的幅频特性对信号分析的影响,构造了幅频特性好的IIR型小波滤波器组。本文研制了基于ADSP2181的涡街流量计数字信号处理系统,并进行了气体流量和水流量标定实验,实验结果表明,基于小波滤波的涡街流量计数字信号处理系统有良好的适配性能,性能指标优于常规的涡街流量计处理系统。     

Ultrasonic defect detection of a petroleum pipeline in a viscoelastic medium

During detection of the defects in the inner wall of a petroleum pipeline via an ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation method, the defect echo and the inner-wall echo often overlap. It is difficult to identify the arriving time of the defect echo. When an ultrasonic wave propagates in a viscoelastic medium, the stress relaxation and creep deformation result in a signal characterized by frequency. The wave speed and attenuation rate are dependent on the frequency; thus, the ultrasonic signal has different shapes along the wave propagation path. Sometimes the wave shape is wry. The empirical mode decomposition technology used for separating the overlapping echo signals has been presented in this paper. With such technology, the original ultrasonic signal can be decomposed and then some intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and a residue can be obtained. Different IMFs contain different echo signals. Some useful IMFs are selected to reconstruct the ultrasonic signal. The peaks of the reconstructed ultrasonic signal envelope indicate the arriving time of the echo signals. The experimental results show that this method is effective for detection of the defects in the inner wall of a petroleum pipeline. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

The fundamentals of the theory of spatiotemporal signal processing as applied to problems of ultrasonic flaw detection of articles from complexly structured materials

The basic propositions of spatiotemporal signal processing as applied to the problems of ultrasonic testing of complex-structure articles with a high attenuation of acoustic signals are considered. Different algorithms of extracting informational echo signals from white and structural noise during multichannel spatiotemporal signal processing are studied.     

直流电源激励下的电路高分辨力应变信号处理

针对应变信号测量中存在的噪声与直流漂移问题,在研究应变信号漂移特性的基础上,提出了一种适用的直流漂移消除方法,即根据信号的局部极值点进行分段,而后对各段进行多项式拟合;对漂移消除后的信号采用一维双边滤波进行降噪处理,提出了双边滤波最优参数的选择方法,并以信噪比为指标对双边滤波的降噪性能进行了评估。利用实验检验了提出方法的有效性,实验数据为微创外科手术机器人力传感器的应变信号。实验结果表明,经改进的分段多项式拟合方法有效去除了直流漂移;双边滤波方法不仅适用于信号的动态滤波,也保证了良好的滤波效果;使用本文提出的应变信号处理方法后,力传感器的分辨力优于2 g。     

Pattern recognition and signal processing of ultrasonic echo signal on two-phase flow

This paper presents a novel measurement method using ultrasonic echo signals on the flow of air–water mixtures. This method has the capability of measuring an instantaneous echo intensity profile along an ultrasonic beam, so it is expected to apply to pattern recognition of two-phase flow. Additionally, this method has an advantage compared with conventional techniques because of the clump-on type. The principle of the flow pattern recognition is based on the delay time and strength of the pulse echo. In this paper, first of all, the transmission of ultrasound through solid plates, which are made of plexiglass and carbon steel, has been investigated and the effective incidence angles for these materials were found. Then, echo signals reflected off a boundary between water and air in a vertical pipe, having a diameter of 50 mm, were obtained using an ultrasound system, and the effects estimated of a two-phase pattern, from bubbly to slug flow, on the signals. In addition, water flows down the inner surface of a pipe as annular flow, and the echo signals then also investigated.     

高噪声背景下超声信号数字处理技术研究

实现高噪声背景下超声回波信号的可靠识别在工程实际中非常重要。本文对高噪声背景下的超声测距信号进行了傅里叶频谱分析和成分分析， 在此基础上确定了频率滤波的滤波范围，并进行了滤波处理。提出了用自相关技术实现高噪声背景下超声回波信号识别的方法，建立了相应的数学模型，给出了理论分析和实验结果。     

超声波传输时间精密测量方法及应用研究

根据超声波回波信号是一个变幅周期性信号这一特点,提出一种用数字细分来精密测量超声波传输时间的方法,阐明了超声波换能器驱动电路原理及利用FPGA电路和高分辨率A/D电路通过高频采样来实现这一方法的原理,并采用该方法和电路设计了超声波流量计。指出超声波传输时间测量的分辨率取决于超声波信号的频率和A/D电路的分辨率,为保证测量精度,应尽可能采用较高的采样频率。超声波传输时间的测量综合了全部回波信号采样数据,有很好的可靠性和很强的抗干扰能力。     

Probability of detection simulations to study the influence of surface roughness on the reliability of ultrasonic testing system

The influence of the material’s surface roughness on ultrasonic echo signals has been well studied and documented in the literature. However, these studies were mostly based on the monitoring of absolute value of the echo amplitude, which cannot quantify a defect’s detectability. In this work, the influence of the surface roughness on the Probability of Detection (POD) of a defect is studied using POD simulations to provide quantitative and insightful analysis. Furthermore, POD simulations are used to quantify the influence of surface roughness on the parameters of ultrasonic testing procedure. A steel block having non-metallic inclusions type of defects was inspected by simulations using CIVA software. The inspection used the ultrasonic immersion pulse-echo setup with straight beam and angle beam techniques. Comprehensive POD curves are obtained, discussed and analyzed.     

Requirements for choosing the parameters of broadband transducers for testing objects with high damping of ultrasonic signals

The main concepts of the theory of optimal signal processing as applied to tasks of ultrasonic testing of articles with high integral damping of acoustic vibrations are considered. The conditions for ensuring the optimal transfer coefficient of the receiving section of an ultrasonic flaw detector’s electroacoustic channel are formulated. The requirements for the characteristics of broadband piezoelectric transducers aimed at the insurance of undistorted transmission of ultrasonic signals are formulated.