湍流模型对双支撑型V锥流量计的适用性研究

本研究旨在探索一种适用于双支撑型V锥流量计仿真工作的湍流模型。以50 mm、100 mm、200 mm口径共计6种样机为研究对象,在常温常压条件下,以水为介质,雷诺数范围为1.0×104~29.9×104,分别采用标准k-ε、RNG k-ε以及SST k-ω3种湍流模型对其流出系数及其线性度误差指标进行仿真预测。为验证仿真准确度,同时开展实流实验研究,将仿真预测结果与实流实验进行对比,结果表明SST k-ω模型对于不同结构的V锥流量计的仿真线性度误差在0.04%~0.32%,与实流实验吻合较好。利用SST k-ω模型预测的流出系数与实验数据的平均误差为6.6%,优于经典的k-ε模型,更适用于双支撑型V锥流量计流场仿真和流出系数的预测。     

上游双弯头对内锥流量计性能的影响

为提高对内锥流量计安装与使用条件的认识,开展了上游连续两个90°在同一平面成S型结构和互成垂直平面上弯头的数值仿真与实流实验研究.研制了实验样机一套,β值分别为0.45/0.65/0.85.利用平均流出系数相对误差及附加不确定度作为安装条件影响的主要评价标准,研究结果表明:对于β值分别为0.45/0.65/0.85的内锥流量计,在互成垂直面双弯头安装条件下所需最短直管段长度均为1D;在同平面S型双弯头安装条件下所需最短直管段长度分别为1D/1D/2D.     

采用流场分析提高涡轮流量传感器性能的研究

以10 mm口径液体涡轮流量传感器为研究对象,经过对传感器内部流场进行分析,提出通过减小靠近叶片顶端的叶片受力面积,提高传感器测量性能的方法。从对特性曲线的分析出发,结合传感器数学模型,提出了一种利用不同流量点的仪表系数平方差Δ(K~2)评价传感器性能的方法。在此基础上,结合CFD仿真和传感器样机实验测试,研究了不同叶轮叶片形状参数对传感器性能的影响。实验结果表明:改变叶轮叶片形状能有效提高传感器的测量性能,切角参数为0.25时,传感器性能最优;此方法同样适用于其他口径涡轮流量传感器结构的优化。     

近红外光在弹状流中的传播特性

弹状流是多相流中常见的流型,流动参数相含率的准确测量是分析流动状态、求取混合物平均密度的前提,对石油、化 工等领域意义重大。 首先根据菲涅耳定律及麦克斯韦方程理论,推导出管道圆弧上近红外光的能量分布特性。 设计了一种单 发多收的近红外传感器,研究近红外光在弹状流中的传播特性,通过实验证明了管道圆周各个探头接收到的电压值与探头安装 角度成余弦关系。 根据朗伯-比尔定律推导了近红外光探测器接收到的电压值、近红外光探测器安装角度与相含率之间的关 系,建立了弹状流相含率测量模型。 实验在内径为 50 mm 的水平透明管道内进行,气体流量在 0. 5 m 3 / h 和 2 m 3 / h 之间,液相 流量在 5 m 3 / h 和 9 m 3 / h 之间。 研究结果表明:相含率的预测模型的相对误差在±7% 之间。     

基于V型内锥与电导环的油水两相流参数测量

油水两相流在石油工业过程中十分常见,对其流动过程参数(如流量与含率)的准确测量一直受其流态的复杂性限制而成为科学研究与工业应用中亟待解决的重要课题。差压法是常用的流量测量手段,作为差压式流量计的一种,V型内锥式流量计结合两相流动模型可实现两相流流量的测量。电学法通过测量两相混合物电学性质(如电导率与介电常数)的变化实现分相含率的测量。本文采用等效直径比0.65的V型内锥式流量计结合环形电导式传感器阵列实现50mm内径水平管道中油水两相流总流量、含率与分相流速的测量,针对油水两相流特性修正Chisholm分相流差压测量关系式实现油水两相流质量流量的测量,并利用环形电导式传感器阵列实现含水率与质量含油率的测量。实验结果表明,油水两相流含水率测量的平均相对误差为8.1%,质量含油率的平均相对误差为13.7%,基于修正关系式与含水率、质量含油率测量结果的油水质量流量测量平均相对误差为4.4%,油相与水相表观流速的平均相对误差分别为3.2%与15.7%。本工作为进一步提高油水两相流过程参数的测量精度打下基础。     

扁平扇形喷嘴的设计研究

对侧向V型狭缝式扁平扇形喷嘴的内部结构参数设计方法进行了研究.使用该方法对一个喷嘴进行了设计,实际使用中喷洒效果符合要求.分析得出了侧向V型狭缝式扁平扇形喷嘴内部结构参数和流量阃的关系:喷嘴内圆柱面半径和V型槽底部至内圆柱面轴线的距离必在一族等式约束曲线上取值,且曲线随流量增大而上移;当内圆柱面半径一定时,喷嘴流量随V型槽切口深度增大而非线性增大;当V型槽切口深度一定时,喷嘴流量随内圆柱面半径增大而非线性增大.     

基于双激光位移传感器的超长深孔圆度检测研究

面向超长深孔管道内壁截面圆度的高精度与快速检测难题,针对基于单个激光位移传感器的传统检测方式存在效率 低,受轴心晃动影响大的不足,本文提出了基于两个激光位移传感器的点式检测方案,并通过建立数学模型与数值仿真的方式, 对检测装置旋转轴的偏心参数与两个激光位移传感器的安装偏差参数进行了仿真,分析了各参数对深孔管道圆度评价结果的 影响。 在此基础上,提出了存在安装误差的两个激光位移传感器数学校正模型,并搭建了管道圆度检测实验系统,验证了该模 型的有效性。 结果表明,相比于两个激光位移传感器所采集的数据直接进行圆度评价,对校正之后的数据进行圆度评价,其圆 度值从 0. 30~ 0. 50 mm 范围降低到 0. 05~ 0. 15 mm 范围,测量时间由 18. 7 s 缩短到 9. 8 s。     

多变量V锥变送器的研究

多变量"V"锥变送器是在"V"形内锥式节流装置的基础上开发的,它将温度、压力和流量传感器融为一体.多变量"V"锥变送器采用MSP430系列单片机作为控制核心,差压、压力和温度信号分别由相应传感器感知后,经各自的物理信号测量电路转换为电信号,再由A/D转换模块转变为数字量,交微控制器进行处理,并按照所建立的饱和蒸汽和过热蒸汽的温压补偿数学模型进行计算.采用V形内锥式节流装置作为多变量变送器的测量前端,成功地克服了传统节流装置测量精度低、压力损失大等缺陷.     

新型插入式双V型流量计优化设计及数值模拟

基于插入式流量计差压原理与安装方式,设计了一种新型插入式双V型流量计。在不同的流速条件下,对400mm口径管道新型流量计进行数值模拟。引用k-ε湍流模型及SIMPLIC算法进行计算,得到了流量系数随速度的变化规律。以威力巴流量计作为参照对象进行同等条件下的数值模拟,将二者特性进行对比分析。结果表明:新型插入式双V型流量计集合了威力巴流量计与文丘里管的优势,大幅度提升了输出压差,压损比较威力巴降低了7.7%,扩大了低速稳定范围,其性能更优。     

超声波流量计的使用与维护

超声波流量计是利用时差法测量技术测量流量,适用大口径管道流量测量。探头安装方式常用的有V法和Z法。超声波流量计在使用过程中大概有电路硬件故障和测量方面的故障,根据故障现象作相应的处理。     

V形内锥流量计关键参数对流出系数的影响

将计算流体动力学仿真试验和实流物理试验相结合,剖析V形内锥流量计的流出系数特性,探索不同等效直径比β、前后锥角以及雷诺数等对流出系数的影响规律。湍流模型为RNG k-ε模型。针对100 mm口径,设计了β值分别为0.50、0.65、0.85,前锥角分别为40º、45º、50º,后锥角分别为120º、130º、140º,共27种组合的V形内锥体,仿真介质为水,温度为293 K。经过数值模拟试验,获得了27条内锥流量计流出系数特性曲线。为进一步验证仿真试验结果,在已有实流试验系统的基础上,建立针对V形内锥流量计的专用自动标定平台。两类试验数据比较发现：内锥流量计的流出系数不仅和雷诺数有关,还与等效直径比β及前后锥角相关。首先,β值越大,流出系数越小,且β值越大,流出系数更易受雷诺数的影响;其次,β值相同时,前锥角对流出系数具有决定性的影响,而后锥角对流出系数的线性度具有一定程度的影响;第三,较大的前锥角可减弱雷诺数对流出系数的影响。数值模拟试验预测平均误差约5%,最大值小于10%。     

新型差压式流量计的设计

通过对内舍V型内锥的圆管内的流体流动进行分析，推导出差压式流量计的流量方程，设计了一个适用于发动机试验情况的V型内锥流量计，最后通过试验对此流量计进行标定，并检验了其精度。     

High-resolution gas–oil two-phase flow visualization with a capacitance wire-mesh sensor

The application of a novel wire-mesh sensor based on electrical capacitance (permittivity) measurements for the investigation of gas–oil two-phase flow in a vertical pipe of 67 mm diameter under industrial operating conditions is reported in this article. The wire-mesh sensor employed can be operated at up to 5000 frames per second acquisition speed and at a spatial resolution of 2.8 mm. By varying the gas and liquid flow rates, different flow patterns, such as bubbly, slug and churn flow, were produced and investigated. From the images of gas void fraction distribution, quantitative flow structure information, such as time series of cross-sectional void fraction, radial void fraction profiles and bubble size distributions, was extracted by special image-processing algorithms.     

Bubble size measurement using wire-mesh sensors

A wire-mesh sensor with a time resolution of 1.2 kHz was used to measure bubble size distributions in a gas-liquid flow. It is designed for a pipe of 51.2 mm diameter and consists of two electrode grids with 16 electrodes each, put in the flow direction behind each other. The local instantaneous electrical conductivity is directly measured between all pairs of crossing wires, a tomographic image reconstruction is not necessary. The resulting 16 × 16 sensitive points are equally distributed over the cross section. This resolution is sufficient to detect individual bubbles, which are imaged in several successive frames during their transition through the measuring plane. To investigate the influence on bubbles, a model of the sensor was tested in a transparent channel with a rectangular cross section of 50 × 50 mm at liquid velocities between 0 and 0.8 m/s. A comparison with high-speed video observations has shown that the sensor causes a significant fragmentation of the bubbles. Nevertheless, the measured signals still represent the structure of the two-phase flow before it is disturbed by the sensor. Bubble sizes can therefore be determined by integrating local instantaneous gas fractions over an area of the measuring points occupied by the bubble. Bubble size distributions are obtained by analysing large assemblies of bubbles. The method was applied to study the formation of slug flow along a vertical tube. The bubble size distributions obtained show the effect of coalescence as well as bubble fragmentation.     

基于PLC的矿用简易风洞设计

针对部分煤矿没有校准流量计用的标准实验风洞,对现场使用的流量计无法调校,调校困难等问题,该文设计了一种用于煤矿现场流量计调校的简易低速风洞。该实验风洞以西门子S7-1200系列PLC为核心,采用变频器拖动离心风机在实验管段上产生一个可调、均匀、稳定的气流,通过PLC对标准表和被测表参数进行采集和计算,将校准系数写入被测表中,并通过触摸屏进行集中显示和操作,实现了对矿用流量计的自动调校。测试表明:该实验风洞可以产生一个0~19 m/s的稳定气流,可对管径为250 mm及以下的流量计进行调校,该实验风筒实现方法简单易于推广使用,对提高现场流量计测量精度具有重要意义。     

Imaging stratifying liquid–liquid flow by capacitance tomography

Electrical capacitance tomography offers a non-intrusive technique for on-line visualisation of two-phase liquid–liquid flows. It has been applied on a facility which provides metered flows of water and kerosene to a test section at the start of which they pass through a dispersing multi-hole orifice plate. The test section consists of a sudden expansion with an internal diameter of 63 mm inlet and 100 mm outlet and which can be inclined. Beyond this the mixture is separated into the two constituents and returned to their individual tanks. Tomography measurements were made using a PTL-300 electronic system coupled to a 12-electrode sensor which was built in-house. The sensor is fitted on the outside of one of the plastic pipe lengths of the test section. By varying the input oil fractions from 20% to 70%, using mixture velocities of 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 m/s and positioning the pipe at angles of +6,+3,0, −4 and −7 to the horizontal, different flow patterns were established in the test section. A specially developed calibration method is used in all experiments and tomographic images of the stratifying liquid–liquid flow were obtained. These images show clearly that the spatial distribution in a pipe cross-section is strongly dependent on the mixture velocity and the distance from expansion in the range studied. Concave interfaces were observed in horizontal and downward inclination flow for all cases while convex interfaces were identified only in an upward inclination flow at the high input oil fractions and high mixture velocities. This application illustrates very clearly the capability of the ECT for on-line imaging of liquid–liquid two-phase flows.     

A parallel-wire microwave resonant sensor for measurement of water holdup in high water-cut oil-in-water flows

In the present study, we propose a parallel-wire microwave resonant sensor (PMRS) with transmission-through configuration for water holdup measurement in high water-cut oil-in-water flows. Through the finite element method (FEM) analysis using HFSS software, the variations of sensor responses for changing water holdup and salinity are investigated. In this manner, the optimum working frequency of microwave resonant sensor is tuned to 1.8 GHz. With the designed PMRS measurement system, an experimental test of vertical high water-cut oil-in-water flows is conducted in a 20 mm inner diameter pipe, through which the relationship among dimensionless normalized phase output of PMRS which reflects the water holdup information, water-cut and total flow rate are investigated. The results show that PMRS presents a high resolution in measurement of water holdup. By establishing statistics models, water-cut can be accurately predicted. Besides, PMRS can still retain high resolution under the circumstance of high salinity. To conclude, PMRS can possess high resolution in measurement of water holdup with both high water-cut and salinity variation in oil-in-water flows, and satisfactory water-cut measurement results can be achieved.     

Assessment of combined V/Z clamp-on ultrasonic flow metering

Clamp-on ultrasonic flow metering can provide a non-invasive and portable means for flow measurement. However, it indicates flow rates with low measurement accuracy at low flow velocity in pipe flows. Typical accuracy of the clamp-on ultrasonic flow metering amounts as low as ±1% if the flow velocity in a pipe is greater than 0.5 m/s. The accuracy can be increased greater than ±2% if the flow velocity is lowered smaller than 0.5 m/s. Inner pipe diameter can be also an influential factor in flow metering when the exact value of the inner diameter is not known. The inner pipe diameter cannot be found if the pipe is too large to measure or if there are erosions or adhesions on the inner pipe surface due to small particles in the flow. These shortcomings of the clamp-on ultrasonic flow metering can be overcome by combining two transit times along a Z-shaped and a V-shaped ultrasonic path. This technique is termed combined V/Z clamp-on ultrasonic flow metering. With the water flow standard system in KRISS, this combined technique exhibited intermediate performance between the two flow metering techniques along the Z-shaped and the V-shaped ultrasonic paths. Notably, the combined technique showed better performance (expanded uncertainty less than 0.76%, k = 2) than the two flow metering techniques (1.61% and 1.17%, k = 2) in the flow range of (100–400) m³/h with pipe diameter of 250 mm.     

基于自标定算法的钢管截面轮廓测量方法研究

为实现螺旋钢管生产过程中钢管截面在线非接触测量 ,本文提出一种利用光学位移传感器对螺旋管截面尺寸形状在线检测的方法。在介绍了测量方法原理的基础上 ,开发了一套用于测量系统自标定的标定算法。通过系统标定实验和对 5 0mm钢管截面简单测量实验证明了自标定算法和截面测量算法可靠。为进一步建立完善的螺旋管在线测量系统奠定了理论和实验基础。     

平直翅片热管散热器的正交数值模拟优化

文中以平直翅片热管散热器为研究对象,研究了翅片厚度、翅片间距、翅片高度、翅片宽度和热管直径 5 个结构参数对翅片换热性能和阻力特性的影响,采用正交实验设计的方法设计了上述结构参数的 15 个组合方案,利用 CFD 数值模拟的方法对每个组合方案下翅片的流动换热性能进行了模拟。以努塞尔数 Nu 、阻力系数f、传热性能综合评价指标(Performance Evaluation Criteria, PEC)作为评价指标,在每个评价指标下利用极差分析挑选出性能最优的组合方案。 该方法能快速获得散热器结构的优化方案,并分析出主要影响因素,对工程应用有一定的指导意义。 结果表明:影响 Nu 和 f 的最主要因素是热管直径,影响 PEC 的最主要因素是翅片厚度。 对于本文研究的散热器,其最优参数组合方案为:翅片厚度为 0. 6 mm,翅片间距为 2. 2 mm,热管直径为 6 mm,翅片高度为 65 mm,翅片宽度为 28 mm。