Q235钢表面复合陶瓷化

研究了Q235钢经热浸镀铝后进行微弧氧化获得陶瓷层的方法，确定了适合微弧氧化的热浸镀铝工艺，测定了陶瓷层的硬度、耐磨性。     

钢的热浸镀铝涂层及特性研究

目前,在钢的表面上镀覆铝涂层的方法很多,主要有热浸镀铝(液相)、真空镀铝(气相)及箱扩散镀铝(固相).本文仅研究采用热浸镀铝获得涂层的方法及特性。钢的热浸镀铝方法要分为森吉木尔法、无溶剂法及水溶剂法。森吉木尔法是工件处于被控制的还原性气氛中,使均匀的氧化膜被还原为金属铁,然后浸铝;无溶剂的热浸镀是钢经过清洗、酸洗和电镀上锡或锌干燥后热浸,铝则溶解了锡或锌而浸了钢,如图1即水溶剂法的工艺流程。当工件经脱脂、除锈后,在助镀剂中浸镀60秒再经干燥后置于熔融铝液中浸镀     

热浸镀铝低碳钢的力学性能和耐腐蚀性能研究

研究了热浸铝低碳钢的室温力学性能和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明，热轧低碳钢板热浸镀铝后的室温抗拉强度和延伸率均优于未镀铝的低碳钢板。拉伸断口的ＳＥＭ观察表明，热浸镀铝低碳钢的拉伸断口是由钢基体的韧窝断口和Ｆｅ－Ａｌ合金层的穿晶解理断口组成。４８ｈ的中性盐雾试验结果显示热浸镀铝低碳钢管的耐蚀性远优于镀锌钢管。     

热浸镀铝钢丝组织和性能的研究

用熔剂法钢丝热浸镀铝工艺制备镀铝钢丝，通过扫描电镜、能谱和MEF3显微镜对镀层形成机理和镀层的组织结构进行了分析。并对镀铝钢丝力学性能、耐腐蚀性能和电性能进行了研究。     

钢铁零件热浸镀铝技术的发展

热浸镀铝技术在钢材上应用已经十分广泛，但为了保证镀铝层的连续和性使其应用范围更广，钢铁零件的热浸镀铝显得尤为重要。本文综述了国内外钢铁零件热浸镀铝的现状和发展，着重分析了与镀铝质量有密切关系的预处理工怪及热浸镀铝界面层的相结构组成。     

稀土铈对热浸镀铝层组织和性能的影响

研究了稀土铈对热浸镀铝层组织结构、耐蚀和耐热性能的影响。结果表明：稀土铈质量分数低于0．3％时,热浸镀铝层的耐蚀性能和高温抗氧化性能都得到提高,超过此含量镀层的性能下降。稀土铈使得过渡层由锯齿形结构转变为平滑结构,使镀层中FeAl3析出相在表层中呈网状分布,随其含量增加过渡层厚度减小。稀土含量超过0．3％时,稀土化合物在表层中呈条块状第二相析出并偏聚,并且随著稀土铈含量增加,表面层中稀土化合物呈块状,且偏聚程度加大。     

热浸镀铝工艺对不锈钢微弧氧化陶瓷膜厚度的影响

采用不锈钢热浸镀铝后再进行微孤氧化的办法在不锈钢表面形成氧化陶瓷层。试验中先用不同的热浸镀方法在不锈钢表面镀铝，然后采用直流电源在恒定电流密度20A／dm^2条件下进行微孤氧化，用金相显微镜观察镀铝层和生成的陶瓷层断面金相，研究了改进热浸镀铝工艺条件对微孤氧化陶瓷层厚度的影响。结果表明，不锈钢热浸镀铝工艺中的助镀处理能增加镀铝层厚度，从而使氧化陶瓷层厚度明显增加。     

热浸镀铝在螺旋翅片管上的应用

热浸镀铝钢材具有优良的氧化性和耐蚀性,在含硫的工业大气中以及海洋环境中抗蚀性甚强,其寿命约为同等热浸镀锌钢材的3～5倍。为扩大其使用范围,并提高螺旋翅片管的耐热耐蚀性能,我们进行了热浸镀铝在螺旋翅片管上应用的研究,并取得了可喜的成果。     

分离式熔剂法免提热浸镀铝炉的研制

分离式熔剂法免提热浸镀铝炉的研制黑龙江省机械科学研究院（１５００４０）宋民凯杨宗良栾志成姜洪盛１前言热浸镀铝,是对钢铁材料及其制品进行表面防护和强化处理的一种工艺方法。目前我国多采用坩锅热浸镀铝,由于浸镀较大、较长的工件需采用大容积的坩锅,而大容积坩...     

熔焊对碳钢渗铝层组织和抗氧化性能的影响

采用钨极氩弧焊焊接了热浸镀铝后真空扩散的Q235钢板,采用光学显微镜、SEM、EDS、XRD等研究了熔焊对渗铝层组织及高温(800℃)抗氧化性能的影响.结果表明:渗铝层与焊缝之间实现冶金结合,铬、镍、铝元素在熔合线附近呈现梯度分布,熔合线附近的主要物相为Al2Cr、AlCrFe2以及(Fe,Cr)固溶体;焊后试样的氧化...     

Research on key techniques of expendable conductivity temperature depth measuring system

This paper analysis the developing of expendable conductivity temperature depth measuring system(XCTD)and introduce its principle of measuring about temperature,salinity and depth of ocean.Some key techniques are put forward.According to the real needs of XCTD,conductivity sensor with high sensitivity is designed by principle of electromagnetic induce,the ocean conductivity from induced electromotive force has been calculated.Adding temperature correction circuit would help to reduce error of conductivity measurement because of sharply changing temperature.Advanced temperature measuring circuit of high precision and the constant current source is used to weaken effect of self-heating of resistance and fluctuation of the source.On respect of remote data transmission,LVDS is a good choice for the purpose of guarantee the quality of data transmitted and the transmission distance is reaching to thousand meters in the seawater.Modular programming method is also brought into this research aimed at improve the stability,reliability and maintainability of the whole measuring system.In February,2015,the trials in South China Sea demonstrate that the developed XCTD realize effective measurement at a speed of 6 knots and detection depth at 800 m.The consistency coefficient of the acquired data is greater than 0.99 and the success rate of probe launching is above 90%.     

Estimation of surface area and length with the orientator

The orientator is a new technique for the estimation of length and surface density and other stereological parameters using isotropic sections. It is an unbiased, design-based approach to the quantitative study of anisotropic structures such as muscle, myocardium, bone and cartilage. A simple method for the practical generation of such isotropic planes in biological specimens is described. No special technical equipment is necessary. Knowledge of an axis of anisotropy can be exploited to optimize the efficiency. To randomize directions in space, points are selected with uniform probability in a square using various combinations of simple random, stratified random, and systematic random sampling. The point patterns thus produced are mapped onto the surface of a hemisphere. The mapped points define directions of sectional planes in space. The mapping algorithm ensures that these planes arc isotropic, hence unbiased estimates of surface and length density can be obtained via the classical stereological formulae. Various implementations of the orientator are outlined: the prototype version, the orientator-gencrated ortrip, two systematic versions, and the smooth version. Orientator sections can be generated without difficulty in large specimens; we investigated human skeletal muscle, myocardium, placenta, and gut tissue. Slight practical modifications extend the applicability of the method to smaller organs like rat hearts. At the ultrastructural level, a correction procedure for the loss of anisotropic mitochondrial membranes due to oblique orientation relative to the electron beam is suggested. Other potential applications of the orientator in anisotropic structures include the estimation of individual particle surface area with isotropic nucleators, the determination of the connectivity of branching networks with isotropic disectors, and generation of isotropic sections for second-order stereology (three-dimensional pattern analysis).     

CURING PROCESS OF PHOTOPOLYMER RESIN BOND DIAMOND TOOLS

Analytical simulation and corresponding proof-test are adopted to study the principle of the curing process of photopolymer resin diamond tools. The influence of the diamond as abrasives in photopolymer resin owing to the absorptivity of the diamond for the UV light on the photopolymer resin curing process is discussed. Based on the above, a kind of diamond tool—dicing blade is selected to analyze the curing process of photopolymer bond diamond tools. An analytical model of curing process is developed and a correlation curve between the depth of polymerization of the photopolymer resin diamond tools and the exposure time to represent the curing process of photopolymer bond dicing blade. A test is done to proof-test the validity of the analytical model and the correlation curve. The simulated data fit the experimental results, which demonstrates the analytical models and numerical algorithm are of high reliability. The analytical simulation method could possibly be used to optimize the curing cycle and improve the quality of the photopolymers resin bond diamond tools.     

Ultrastructure and composition of the cell surfaces of infection structures formed by the fungal plant pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

A variety of microscopical techniques and molecular probes have been used to study the ultrastructure and composition of the cell surfaces of the conidia (i.e. spores) and infection structures produced by the hemibiotrophic fungal plant pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. The fungal conidium germinates to produce a germ-tube, the tip of which swells to produce a domed, melanized appressorium which adheres firmly to the plant surface. Penetration of the cuticle and cell wall is followed by the development of a biotrophic intracellular hypha, which is surrounded by an invagination of the host plasma membrane. Freeze-substitution of C. lindemuthianum germlings showed that conidia are coated with a dense layer of fibrillar material. This 'spore coat' contains irregularly shaped pores, giving it a reticular appearance. Negative staining of germlings revealed the presence of numerous long, flexuous fibres or fimbriae, protruding from the surfaces of germ-tubes and appressoria. Colloidal gold was used to visualize fungal extracellular proteins. The colloidal gold stained a fibrillar sheath around germ-tubes, whereas appressoria were surrounded by a halo, comprising an inner unstained region and a stained perimeter. The carbohydrate composition of the cell surfaces of the conidia and infection structures was studied by labelling cells with rhodamine- and fluorescein-conjugated lectins. The results showed that the extracellular matrices of germ-tubes and appressoria are very similar in composition, but differ from those of conidia and intracellular hyphae. Monoclonal antibodies have been prepared to germlings and infection structures of C. lindemuthianum and their use has provided further evidence that the extracellular matrices around germ-tubes and appressoria have several glycoproteins in common. The results also show that the cell surface of C. lindemuthianum becomes specialized during biotrophic development inside host cells.     

Immunohistochemical detection and quantification of T cells in the small intestine of Isospora suis-infected piglets--influence of fixation technique and intestinal segment

Quantification of immunohistochemical results constitutes an important tool in the analysis of cells and tissue that is not readily replaced by other techniques. For reliable quantification, it is essential to consider factors such as tissue fixation and tissue sampling. We report a study on the model of the intestine of Isospora suis‐infected piglets, in which we addressed (1) whether the quantity of detectable T cells in the intestinal mucosa is the same in formalin‐, HOPE®‐, and cryo‐conserved material or whether the amounts of T cells at least correlate with one another; and (2) whether single jejunal segments differ in regard to the quantity of mucosal T cells and variability of lymphocyte infiltration. Quantification of T cells in histological sections of different parts of the jejunum of 15‐22 day old piglets infected with I. suis was performed using an anti‐CD3‐antibody and stereological point counting. Area fractions of T‐cell profiles per intestinal mucosa profile were higher in cryo‐conserved samples than in HOPE®‐ and formalin‐conserved material but no correlation between different fixations could be found. The proximal part of the jejunum contained fewer T cells compared with mid‐ and end‐jejunum. Coefficients of variation did not differ between the intestinal segments. For quantification of T cells in the gut mucosa of piglets infected with I. suis, the cryo‐conserved mid jejunum seems most suitable in cases when unbiased sampling of the complete intestine is not feasible. It is generally not possible to compare quantitative results of immunostaining in samples conserved by different methods. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Research on the calibration method of precipitation micro- physical characteristics sensor

In order to diminish the effect of the ambient light and CCD pixel non-uniformity to the Precipitation Micro-physical Characteristics Sensor,a modified calibration scheme was designed and calibration experiments in sunny,cloudy,night,different location of sample space were carried out. Firstly,the characteristics of particle images which affected by ambient light and different location of sample space were analyzed. Secondly,the relevance betw een particle image features and parameters of image processing were discussed. Finally,the parameter setting scheme were determined,the radium of median filtering algorithm is 3 pixels,the defocusing radius of point spread function( PSF) is 7 pixels,the radium of erosion is 3 pixels,and the binary threshold is obtained from the Area-thresh relationship. The results show that the new scheme could deal with the image calibration well,the average errors of equivolumetric diameter was 0. 041 mm with standard deviation of 0. 115 mm,and the average errors of the axis ratio was 0. 011 with standard deviation of 0. 085. The new scheme works well in the field observation too,the observed axis ratio is consistent with the empirical relationship that proposed by Beard. The relative error of accumulation precipitation is-3. 06% after calibration,w hich is improved 1. 94% low er than the initial one without calibration.     

FOULING DETECTION IN FOOD VESSELS USING INTERDIGITAL LAMB WAVE TRANSDUCER

Lamb waves are used to detect fouling in food vessels. The propagation of the Lamb waves in plates exhibits many modes and dispersion characteristics, which have great influence on fouling detection. The relative distribution of the in-plane and out-of-plane displacement of the mode across the thickness of the plate will determine the sensitivity of the mode to a particular loading condition. By considering the dispersion and multi-mode characteristics of guided waves, an interdigital polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) transducer is designed to realize the mode selection of guided waves, and a single a0 mode is used for guided wave detection. Fouling detection experiments are conducted in the laboratory using epoxy adhesive on a thin plate. Using the interdigital PVDF transducer, three fouled areas are detected. Using one of the time-frequency analysis methods, the waveforms are further processed. This also demonstrates the validity of this method of fouling detection.     

The actuality and progress of whole sky infrared cloud remote sensing techniques

Clouds are crucial regulators of both weather and climate. Properties such as the amount,type,height,distribution and movement of them have an impact on the earth's radiation budget and the hydrological cycle,thus cloud observation is very important. The disadvantages of zenith pointing measuring instruments and whole sky visible imagers limit the application of them.A summary of the actuality and application of ground-based whole sky infrared cloud measuring instruments and analyses of the techniques of radiometric calibrations,removal of atmospheric emission and calculation of cloud cover,amount,type are conducted to promote the automatically observation of the whole sky. Fully considering whole sky infrared cloud sounding theories,techniques and applications,there are still a lot of studies on improving the properties of instruments,enhancing the techniques of cloud base height measurements and establishing instrumental cloud classification criterion before actual operations.     

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW FIELD OF TURBINE IN TORQUE CONVERTER

Three-dimensional flow field of turbine in torque converter is simulated by numerical calculation in order to improve the performance of torque converter. Calculation model of a torque converter is presented based on the mixing-plane technology. In the calculation of flow field,the 3D N-S equations are separated by finite-volume method and solved by semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations(SIMPLE). Based on flow field calculation,the flow field of turbine is simulated. The velocity and pressure in the flow field of turbine are analyzed. The external performance of the torque converter is also calculated. Results of flow simulation show that there are secondary flow,off flow and velocity gradient in turbine passage. The validity of numerical simulation is verified by comparing the results of numerical simulation with experiment data.     

提高汽车ESP系统液压控制单元柱塞泵效率的仿真研究

柱塞泵是汽车ESP(Electronic Stability Program)系统液压控制单元（Hydraulic Control Unit,HCU）的关键部件之一,其泵油能力直接影响液压控制单元对控制指令的执行力度,在ESP系统不同工作模式下都起到重要作用,因此需要深入分析柱塞泵的结构和参数,以提高其泵油效率。本文根据柱塞泵径向单柱塞的结构特点推导出其数学模型,采用 AMESim的液压元件设计功能建立其详细的仿真模型,并经过了试验验证。通过仿真得出泵吸油阀和压油阀能否及时配合柱塞腔的体积变化对泵的工作有着重要影响。在此基础上,进一步深入分析影响柱塞泵效率的几个关键参数,为泵的设计开发提供参考依据。