Gear fault identification based on Hilbert–Huang transform and SOM neural network

Gear vibration signals always display non-stationary behavior. HHT (Hilbert–Huang transform) is a method for adaptive analysis of non-linear and non-stationary signals, but it can only distinguish conspicuous faults. SOM (self-organizing feature map) neural network is a network learning with no instructors which has self-adaptive and self-learning features and can compensate for the disadvantage of HHT. This paper proposed a new gear fault identification method based on HHT and SOM neural network. Firstly, the frequency families of gear vibration signals were separated effectively by EMD (empirical mode decomposition). Then Hilbert spectrum and Hilbert marginal spectrum were obtained by Hilbert transform of IMFs (intrinsic mode functions). The amplitude changes of gear vibration signals along with time and frequency had been displayed respectively. After HHT, the energy percentage of the first six IMFs were chosen as input vectors of SOM neural network for fault classification. The analysis results showed that the fault features of these signals can be accurately extracted and distinguished with the proposed approach.     

Gearbox fault detection using Hilbert and wavelet packet transform

Demodulation is an important issue in gearbox fault detection. Non-stationary modulating signals increase difficulties of demodulation. Though wavelet packet transform has better time–frequency localisation, because of the existence of meshing frequencies, their harmonics, and coupling frequencies generated by modulation, fault detection results using wavelet packet transform alone are usually unsatisfactory, especially for a multi-stage gearbox which contains close or identical frequency components. This paper proposes a new fault detection method that combines Hilbert transform and wavelet packet transform. Both simulated signals and real vibration signals collected from a gearbox dynamics simulator are used to verify the proposed method. Analysed results show that the proposed method is effective to extract modulating signal and help to detect the early gear fault.     

Gearbox fault diagnosis using empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert spectrum

The empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and Hilbert spectrum are a new method for adaptive analysis of non-linear and non-stationary signals. This paper applies this method to vibration signal analysis for localised gearbox fault diagnosis. We first study the properties of the recently developed B-spline EMD as a filter bank, which is helpful in understanding the mechanisms behind EMD. Then we investigate the effectiveness of the original and the B-spline EMD as well as their corresponding Hilbert spectrum in the fault diagnosis. Vibration signals collected from an automobile gearbox with an incipient tooth crack are used in the investigation. The results show that the EMD algorithms and the Hilbert spectrum perform excellently. They are found to be more effective than the often used continuous wavelet transform in detection of the vibration signatures.     

基于小波包变换的滚动轴承故障诊断

针对故障轴承振动信号能量集中与调制的特点,提出了一种基于小波包能量法与Hilbert变换的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。使用小波包变换对振动信号进行分解、重构及能量计算,并应用Hilbert变换对能量集中频段的重构信号进行解调和频谱分析,提取故障特征频率。同时针对诊断过程中故障特征参数依靠人工计算的问题,提出故障特征参数自动提取方法。实际的滚动轴承实验数据的处理和分析结果表明,该诊断方法能够准确、快速地识别滚动轴承表面损伤的故障模式。     

Research on iterated Hilbert transform and its application in mechanical fault diagnosis

Multicomponent AM–FM demodulation is an available method for machinery fault vibration signal analysis, so a new method for mechanical fault diagnosis based on iterated Hilbert transform (IHT) is proposed. The principle of computing the asymptotically exact multicomponent sinusoidal model for an arbitrary signal by iterating Hilbert transform is introduced, and some properties of IHT are analyzed. Theoretical analysis for the generic two-component signal shows that there are limitations in the direct estimation of instantaneous frequencies via the phase signals of the previously obtained model. Therefore, a smoothed instantaneous frequency estimation (SIFE) method based on difference operator and zero-phase digital low-pass filtering is proposed, and then the accuracy and validity of this method have been proved by the simulation results. The analysis results of the mechanical fault signals show that the weak features of these signals can be efficiently extracted with the proposed approach.     

Hilbert transform in vibration analysis

This paper is a tutorial on Hilbert transform applications to mechanical vibration. The approach is accessible to non-stationary and nonlinear vibration application in the time domain. It thrives on a large number of examples devoted to illustrating key concepts on actual mechanical signals and demonstrating how the Hilbert transform can be taken advantage of in machine diagnostics, identification of mechanical systems and decomposition of signal components.     

基于迭代Hilbert变换的多分量信号解调方法研究及应用

旋转机械系统发生故障时,其振动信号通常为多分量AM-FM信号。针对传统的解调方法在多分量振动信号故障特征提取中的局限性,提出一种利用迭代Hilbert变换(Iterated Hilbert transform,IHT)进行机械故障诊断的新方法。介绍IHT的基本原理;通过对任一两分量的AM-FM信号的分析表明利用IHT得到的相位信息直接估计瞬时频率具有一定的局限性,于是提出基于差分算和零相位数字低通滤波的平滑的瞬时频率估计方法,并通过仿真试验表明,与自适应分割算法和Hilbert-Huang变换相比,该方法具有很高的精度且速度较快。对具有外圈故障的滚动轴承和具有断齿故障的齿轮箱振动信号的分析结果表明,基于IHT的多分量AM-FM信号解调方法能有效地提取机械故障振动信号中的故障特征。     

基于Hilbert谱奇异值的轴承故障诊断

针对机械故障振动信号时频特征提取问题,提出一种基于Hilbert谱奇异值的特征提取方法,并将其应用于轴承故障诊断。该方法首先利用经验模式分解方法将振动信号分解为若干个内蕴模式函数之和,接着对每个内蕴模式函数进行Hilbert变换得到振动信号的Hilbert谱,然后对Hilbert谱进行奇异值分解,得到反映机械状态特征的奇异值序列,最后利用奇异值作为特征向量,使用支持向量机进行轴承故障诊断。轴承正常、内圈故障、滚动体故障、外圈故障实测信号实验结果表明,该方法能有效地提取轴承故障振动信号特征。
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Application of support vector regression machines to the processing of end effects of Hilbert–Huang transform

The end effects of Hilbert–Huang transform are represented in two aspects. On the one hand, the end effects occur when the signal is decomposed by empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method. On the other hand, the end effects occur again while the Hilbert transforms are applied to the intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). To restrain the end effects of Hilbert–Huang transform, the support vector regression machines are used to predict the signals before the signal is decomposed by EMD method, thus the end effects could be restrained effectively and the IMFs with certain physical sense could be obtained. For the same purpose, the support vector regression machines are used again to predict the IMFs before the Hilbert transform of the IMFs, thus the accurate instantaneous frequencies and amplitudes could be obtained and the corresponding Hilbert spectrum with physical sense could be acquired. The analysis results from the simulation and experimental signals demonstrate that the end effects of Hilbert–Huang transform could be resolved effectively by the time series forecasting method based on support vector regression machines which is superior to that based on neural networks.     

航空发动机试验传感器温漂数据有效性验证

针对航空发动机在台架试车中出现的传感器温漂故障,提出了基于经验模式分解(EMD)和Hilbert变换的航空发动机传感器数据有效性验证方法。首先,介绍了航空发动机传感器常见的失效模式以及EMD分解和Hilbert变换方法,并将其引入航空发动机传感器信号分析领域;然后,利用该方法对传感器故障信号进行分解,提取航空发动机传感器故障信号特征,通过故障信号重构和残差向量分析判断故障的严重程度,将原始信号中的故障信号予以剔除;最后,重构有效的信息成分,实现对数据的有效性验证。实例计算与分析验证了该方法在航空发动机传感器温漂数据有效性验证方面是有效的。