锥度及静态静环角偏差对低速干气密封气膜动态特性的影响

利用小扰动法结合有限元法求解气膜控制方程——动态雷诺方程,得到了端面稳态及动态压力分布.计算了表征气膜动态特性的主要参数——刚度系数和阻尼系数,分析了端面锥度和静态静环角偏差对气膜动态特性的影响规律.结果表明:负锥度对主气膜刚度系数和主阻尼系数有显著影响,正锥度影响较小;静态静环角偏差对主气膜刚度系数和主阻尼系数以及耦合气膜刚度系数和阻尼系数都具有明显的影响;通过调节密封端面锥度和角偏差可以改变气膜动力学行为,进而可以改善密封环的角向运动.     

气体多孔端面机械密封孔径尺寸对密封动态性能影响研究

建立了气体润滑微孔端面机械密封(LST-MS)的气膜压力控制方程及雷诺方程,利用有限差分法和小扰动法计算了气膜稳态和动态压力分布,分析研究了频率数、面积比和布孔方式等参数对密封动态刚度和阻尼等表征气膜特性参数的影响.结果表明,高频扰动易使密封产生气膜振荡而导致密封失稳;孔径尺寸对密封气膜影响明显,随微孔列数的增多,刚度和阻尼均将逐渐趋于某一稳定值,频率数越大,则稳定值对应的微孔列数越多.     

气膜密封稳态性能仿真分析

针对高速、高温、高压差工况下的端面气膜密封,应用计算流体力学(CFD)Fluent软件,对含端面锥度的气膜密封三维流场进行数值模拟,分析动、静环不同端面锥度对气膜密封稳态特性的影响。仿真结果表明:动、静环端面锥度对端面气膜密封轴向承载力、轴向刚度和泄漏量的影响都很显著,而对摩擦转矩影响较小可以忽略;适当的端面负锥度可以增大轴向承载力与轴向刚度,并可以减少泄漏量,有利于密封性能的提升。     

螺旋槽干气密封稳态特性分析模型的对比研究

干气密封的稳态特性是密封设计中的重要依据和指标。干气密封稳态特性可通过基于轴向力平衡的静态模型和轴向-角向耦合的动态模型两种途径获得。基于上述两种模型间存在的差异点,就动环偏摆角、静环静态偏摆角和副密封阻尼展开参数研究,讨论两种模型计算所得的稳态特性（膜厚与泄漏率）之间存在的差异,进而给出它们在干气密封稳态特性研究中的适用性分析。计算中,动力学方程和流场方程分别采用有限差分法和有限元法进行离散求解,以膜厚与泄漏量为稳态特性的主要指标。结果表明,当副密封阻尼较小时,角向偏摆角对于静环稳态特性的影响极小,可用静态模型来近似动态模型,以简化计算过程和缩短计算时间。而当副密封阻尼较大时,密封动静环的角向相位差较大,显著地影响密封静环的稳态特性,使用静态模型获得的结果与动态模型的结果差别较大,而且此时前者无法反映由于静环角向追随性较差引起两环端面易发生接触的问题,因此大阻尼情况下宜采用动态模型。     

倾斜微孔密封端面气体润滑动压效应实验研究

对密封压力影响下倾斜微孔端面的气体润滑动压效应进行了实验研究,采用石墨动环和SiC静环配副实现旋转气体润滑。静环试件端面加工有与直径成一定倾斜角度的椭圆微孔,实验中对4种微孔端面的气体润滑膜厚度进行了测量,分析了密封压力和转速对气膜厚度的影响规律。结果表明:转速越高,气膜厚度越大,动压效应越强;密封压力越高,动压效应对膜厚的影响越小;双列倾斜微孔端面的动压效应优于单列倾斜微孔端面的动压效应。     

船舶艉轴密封装置端面密封摩擦副温度场稳态分析

以端面密封为主密封的船舶艉轴密封装置运行时,摩擦副在海水压力及摩擦力的作用下,密封端面间会产生大量热量,引起摩擦副温度升高,导致端面密封工作不正常。采用整体接触耦合法对船舶艉轴密封装置摩擦副温度场进行稳态分析,并通过实例计算各工况下动、静环的温度分布、热变形、间隙和接触压力情况。结果表明：动、静环端面温度、端面轴向变形随密封介质压力和转速的增加而增大,动环端面轴向变形相对静环端面较小;密封端面最外侧的间隙最大,且最大间隙随转速的增加而增大,随水压的增加而减小;随着水压和转速的增加,接触区域增大,密封端面上各点的最大接触压力出现波浪形的跳动。     

螺旋槽干气密封压差扰动下的瞬态特性研究

干气密封的瞬态特性是密封动力学研究中的重要内容,而现有研究主要关注于密封稳态特性的研究。本文针对密封内外压差波动这一典型工况开展仿真分析,研究螺旋槽干气密封在扰动工况下的瞬态特性。计算中,将润滑方程、接触方程与动力学方程耦合求解,以轴向膜厚、角向偏摆角、泄漏率和端面接触载荷为主要指标。结果表明:密封侧压力突降相比较于突升,更易引起密封环震荡,但后者更易诱发端面接触。对于扰动引起的瞬态震荡,密封的角向行为引起震荡时间的延长与震荡幅值的减小,其与轴向行为共同决定端面接触的可能性。动静环间的极薄气膜不仅将动环的行为传递给静环,同时通过弱化轴向与角向行为的相互影响来缓解扰动所引起的密封瞬态震荡。     

气体润滑环瓣式浮动环密封高速特性

基于气体润滑理论,考虑浮动环瓣力平衡与力矩平衡,对气体润滑环瓣式浮动环密封高速特性开展数值分析研究。计算得到密封面压力分布规律,并分析转速、密封压力等操作参数对平衡膜厚、平衡转角、泄漏量、气膜刚度、刚漏比等密封参数的影响规律。结果表明:密封面楔形收敛间隙可以产生显著动压效应,最小膜厚与环瓣偏角随主轴转速增加而增大,但是随密封压力增加而减小;泄漏率随转速与密封压力增加而增大,气膜静态刚度、角向刚度、刚漏比随转速增加而降低,随密封压力增加而增大。     

螺旋槽干气密封性能参数的测试技术及试验研究

由于干气密封端面间隙仅为3~5 μm,因而对端面流场气膜参数及其位移变化量的测试技术是个难点,同时也是研究干气密封系统稳定运行的关键点。基于Labview测试系统软件平台,通过编写测试程序建立干气密封端面参数测试系统,确定相应的测试技术,选用合适的传感器等硬件设备,采用必要的抗干扰措施,对影响端面密封性能的参数(泄漏量、功耗、膜压)和端面稳定性参数(膜厚及振动位移)进行测试,研究不同工况下压力和转速对端面参数的影响。试验表明：气膜压力、气膜厚度、泄漏量、功耗随着压力和转速的升高而增大;气膜和静环的位移量随着压力和转速的增加而减小;气膜的振动幅值很微小,特例中仅为0.04～0.16 μm,,说明静环追随动环性能较好;同时,气膜刚度随着压力和转速的升高而增加,反映出高压力、高转速下干气密封能够稳定运行。     

气膜端面密封角向摆动自振稳定性

提出造成气膜端面密封角向摆动自振的内在机理，既有半频摆动自振又有角向气锤自振。在其稳定性分析中给出了不同端面结构、浮环支撑弹簧和二次密封阻尼等的影响。分析按照小扰动线性化的分布参数法，联立气膜微扰雷诺方程和浮环微扰运动方程，对密封系统的角向摆动自振稳定性界限进行了数值迭代。     

锥度对螺旋槽气体端面密封稳态特性的影响

提出一种考虑螺旋槽气体密封端面径向锥度的理论模型。利用有限元法求解密封端面间气膜控制方程——雷诺方程，得到了端面膜压分布。计算了密封稳态性能参数，并与有关文献值进行了比较。分析了端面锥度对密封稳态特性的影响，进一步预测了密封端面出现接触摩擦的临界锥度。结果表明，锥度改变了端面膜压分布，并显著影响开启力、气膜刚度以及泄漏率等参数；过度变形将会导致密封因端面接触或大量泄漏而失效。     

螺旋槽干式气体端面密封性能的数值分析

建立了螺旋槽气体密封(S-DGS)端面内的等温可压缩二维流气体雷诺方程，用有限元法计算了端面压力分布，将压力分布、密封开启力和气膜刚度的计算值与有关文献值进行了比较。分析了密封端面几何参数对密封性能的影响，各几何参数的推荐值可以确保密封在低泄漏量条件下的高刚度值，并据此提出了S-DGS端面几何参数选择的一般原则，对密封结构优化没计具有一定指导意义。     

周向波度气体密封的动态特性

基于摄动法求解周向波度气体密封的动态Reynolds方程,得到动态气膜压力分布。计算周向波度气体密封的气膜动态刚度和阻尼系数,分析扰动频率及密封端面几何参数,如波数、波幅和坝宽比对气膜动态特性系数的影响规律。结果表明:当扰动频率小于转轴角速度时,其对气膜动态特性系数影响不大,反之有较大影响;波数对气膜动态特性系数影响不大,随着波幅的增加主刚度系数和阻尼系数都随之减小,耦合刚度系数则几乎不受影响,随着坝宽比的增加刚度系数基本保持不变,阻尼系数均增加。     

端面形貌和流体剪切稀化对螺旋槽液膜密封稳态特性的影响

为研究密封端面形貌变化和润滑流体的剪切稀化特性对螺旋槽液膜密封稳态特性的影响基于幂律模型,建立考虑润滑流体的剪切稀化特性、密封端面径向锥度和周向波度的螺旋槽液膜密封稳态特性数学模型,利用有限差分法求解稳态雷诺方程,分析径向锥度和周向波度对剪切稀化流体液膜密封稳态特性的影响规律。结果表明:当锥度增大时,液膜密封开启力减小、泄漏量增大、摩擦扭矩减小,润滑流体的剪切稀化特性可以明显地减小密封端面开启力和泄漏量,稍微增大摩擦扭矩;当波数增大时,液膜密封开启力增大、泄漏量小幅减小、摩擦扭矩增大;当波幅增大时,液膜密封开启力增大、泄漏量小幅增大、摩擦扭矩明显减小;波度对剪切稀化流体液膜密封稳态特性的影响程度要稍弱于对牛顿流体的影响,但整体趋势保持一致。     

Parametric Study on a Wavy-Tilt-Dam Mechanical Face Seal in Reactor Coolant Pumps

The reliability of mechanical seals in reactor coolant pumps is essential for the safety of pressurized water nuclear power plants. A wavy-tilt-dam (WTD) mechanical face seal, characterized by a circumferential wave with a radial taper and seal dam on one of the seal faces, has proved to be effective in practice. A theoretical model is developed to study the mechanism of the WTD seal in this article. Then, the structural parameters such as wave amplitude, taper, dam radius, and the number of waves are studied for the WTD seal under different rotation speeds and seal pressures. The results show that the mechanism of the WTD seal is the combination of hydrodynamic and hydrostatic effects, which do not work simultaneously. During the period of start-up and shutdown, when the film thickness and the pressure differential are both small, the seal works as a hydrodynamic seal, whereas it is a nearly hydrostatic seal at the stable working condition. The waves on the seal face will obviously impair the hydrostatic effect before cavitation occurs in the fluid film. The optimal values of the structure are obtained by analyzing the numerical results under certain working conditions. In addition, the performance varies obviously with rotation speed and seal pressure.     

机械密封端面温度近似解析计算的新方法

常见的机械密封端面温度近似解析法均将静环表面作为绝热边界处理,未考虑热量从静环上的传递,计算结果存在误差.根据明确定义的热传导角,考虑热量在机械密封动静环端面的分配,建立混合摩擦状况及全液体润滑状况下机械密封端面温度计算模型,获得一种更合理地确定机械密封环端面温度分布的近似解析方法.与常见的其他近似解析方法相比,该方法概念明确、计算简洁,计算结果更接近实际.分析端面温度分布的影响因素及其影响规律,结果表明角速度、导热系数比、努赛尔数、微凸体接触的当量压力对端面温度分布有明显影响.     

Flow dynamics of a spiral-groove dry-gas seal

The dry-gas seal has been widely used in different industries.With increased spin speed of the rotator shaft,turbulence occurs in the gas film between the stator and rotor seal faces.For the micro-scale flow in the gas film and grooves,turbulence can change the pressure distribution of the gas film.Hence,the seal performance is influenced.However,turbulence effects and methods for their evaluation are not considered in the existing industrial designs of dry-gas seal.The present paper numerically obtains the turbulent flow fields of a spiral-groove dry-gas seal to analyze turbulence effects on seal performance.The direct numerical simulation(DNS) and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) methods are utilized to predict the velocity field properties in the grooves and gas film.The key performance parameter,open force,is obtained by integrating the pressure distribution,and the obtained result is in good agreement with the experimental data of other researchers.Very large velocity gradients are found in the sealing gas film because of the geometrical effects of the grooves.Considering turbulence effects,the calculation results show that both the gas film pressure and open force decrease.The RANS method underestimates the performance,compared with the DNS.The solution of the conventional Reynolds lubrication equation without turbulence effects suffers from significant calculation errors and a small application scope.The present study helps elucidate the physical mechanism of the hydrodynamic effects of grooves for improving and optimizing the industrial design or seal face pattern of a dry-gas seal.     

表面粗糙度对螺旋槽干式气体密封性能的影响

考虑螺旋槽干式气体端面密封(S-DGS)的表面粗糙度,通过求解可压缩流平均雷诺方程,研究了不同速度条件下密封端面不同区域的各向同性表面粗糙度对密封气膜刚度和泄漏量的影响。结果表明:密封端面各区域表面粗糙度对密封性能的影响规律各不相同,并且转速对表面粗糙度与密封性能的关系产生影响;为满足气体密封具有较高气膜刚度的同时具有较低的泄漏量,同时满足较高的性价比,设计时应选取合适的表面粗糙度值。     

多孔端面液体机械密封摩擦性能的数值分析

为了研究多孔端面机械密封的摩擦性能,应用ANSYS CFX软件对密封端面间的流场进行数值模拟,得到不同工况参数和微孔结构参数下密封端面液膜的剪切应力分布云图,并对计算结果进行分析。研究表明:剪切应力主要作用于非孔区;介质压力和微孔深度对剪切应力分布影响较小,而降低转速、减小介质黏度、增大微孔半径可以有效地减小剪切应力,降低端面的摩擦损失,延长密封的使用寿命。     

Influence analysis of secondary O-ring seals in dynamic behavior of spiral groove gas face seals

The current research on secondary O-ring seals used in mechanical seals has begun to focus on their dynamic properties. However, detailed analysis of the dynamic properties of O-ring seals in spiral groove gas face seals is lacking. In particular a transient study and a difference analysis of steady-state and transient performance are imperative. In this paper, a case study is performed to gauge the effect of secondary O-ring seals on the dynamic behavior (steady-state performance and transient performance) of face seals. A numerical finite element method (FEM) model is developed for the dynamic analysis of spiral groove gas face seals with a flexibly mounted stator in the axial and angular modes. The rotor tilt angle, static stator tilt angle and O-ring damping are selected to investigate the effect of O-ring seals on face seals during stable running operation. The results show that the angular factor can be ignored to save time in the simulation under small damping or undamped conditions. However, large O-ring damping has an enormous effect on the angular phase difference of mated rings, affecting the steady-state performance of face seals and largely increasing the possibility of face contact that reduces the service life of face seals. A pressure drop fluctuation is carried out to analyze the effect of O-ring seals on the transient performance of face seals. The results show that face seals could remain stable without support stiffness and O-ring damping during normal stable operation but may enter a large-leakage state when confronting instantaneous fluctuations. The oscillation-amplitude shortening effect of O-ring damping on the axial mode is much greater than that on the angular modes and O-ring damping prefers to cater for axial motion at the cost of angular motion. This research proposes a detailed dynamic-property study of O-ring seals in spiral groove gas face seals, to assist in the design of face seals.