Temperature and refractive index sensor using a high-birefringence fiber loop mirror and single mode-coreless-single mode fiber structure

A novel fiber optic sensor for the simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature is reported. The sensor consists of a high-birefringence fiber loop mirror and a section of single mode-coreless-single mode fiber structure. The single mode-coreless-single mode fiber structure served as a refractometer while the high-birefringence fiber loop mirror was used to measure temperature. The multimode interference valley of the single mode-coreless-single mode fiber structure was sensitive to the surrounding refractive index of liquids (96.42 nm/refractive index unit) and had almost no response to temperature fluctuations. The high-birefringence fiber loop mirror was highly sensitive to temperature (1.98 nm/°C) but was insensitive to changes in refractive index. The theoretical and experimental results demonstrated simultaneous measurement of temperature and refractive index. The optimum resolution was 2.07 × 10^?4 refractive index units and 0.01°C.     

Accurate measurement of the refractive index of air

An interference refractometer for absolute measurement of the refractive index of air has been developed. It is essentially based on components of a commercial Zeeman type laser interferometer system and uses a differential interferometer and a vacuum chamber with four measurement cells. The resolution and accuracy of interference phase interpolation is improved by an electronic phase meter and a detection technique which compensates for interferometer non-linearity. The system has been designed for an accuracy of a few parts in 10⁸. Experimental investigations of individual components and comparison measurements with pure gases, with Edlén's formula and with the BCR interference refractometer confirm this goal.     

锗的红外折射率精密测量

利用所研制的KGZ-Ⅱ型高精度光电折射仪,在5～10.6μm的光谱范围内,测量了由北京有色金属研究总院研制的锗的折射率,并与红外色散公式计算的结果进行了比较,分析了影响测量准确度的各项主要因素,给出了具有±3×10^-4准确度的测量结果。     

小角度楔形光学平板折射率的测定

用精密测角仪测定小角度楔形光学平板折射率是一个较好的方法.测定精度与V棱镜折射仪相近.不受样品折射率限制,样品容易制备.     

Design, construction, and performance of a real-time holographic refractometry prototype for liquid analysis

The development and the performance of a portable holographic refractometer prototype for liquid measurement employing multimode diode lasers with emission centered at 662 nm as light sources is reported. Due to the multiwavelength character of the holographic recording, a synthetic wavelength was generated, and the diffracted wave intensity was thus modulated as a function of the optical path difference between the reference and the object beams. The transparent test cell containing the liquid was placed at the reference-beam arm of the optical setup, while the contour interferogram generated on the holographic image of a flat object was used for fringe counting. A change ΔL on the liquid column length is proportional to the Δp running fringes on the object image, and from this relation the refractive index of the test liquid was obtained. The holograms were recorded on a photorefractive Bi(12)TiO(20) crystal whether using a single multimode diode laser or by combining two diode lasers. In the latter configuration the synthetic wavelength can be varied in order to enhance the measurement sensitivity and∕or to allow the analysis of turbid liquids. The size of the whole prototype is 54 × 22 × 14 cm(3). The refractive indexes of ethanol∕water mixtures with different concentrations were measured, as well as the NaCl concentrations in aqueous solutions were determined upon comparison with an empirical curve. In both cases the results were compared with the ones obtained through an Abbe refractometer.     

Evaluation of real-time ice concentration inside pipeline by the refractive index method

Ice fraction (or ice concentration, IC) of the ice slurry flowing through the pipe is very difficult to measure directly and in real time in ice slurry type system in thermal energy storage system. Measuring IC is very important to calculate the capacity of cold energy supplied through a pipeline. Ice fraction measurement methods have been reported as using density, electric resistance, electric conductivity, freezing point etc. However, the conventional methods are not perfect in terms of the resolution and accuracy. In this study, a new method is suggested to measure the IC of the ice slurry flowing through a pipe, which is used for a refractometer with low electrical noise and high resolution. To measure IC of the flowing ice slurry aqueous solution in pipe, it was installed in the test section to mass flow meter, refractometer, cyclone, and RTD (Resistance temperature detector) sensor. From the experiment, IC measurement method by using refractive index showed better result than others for the ice slurry in pipeline flowing or slurry tank.

     

提高V棱镜折光仪测量精度的一种方法

本文提出了用高精度标准块,在V棱镜折光仪与被测样品作相对测量,从而提高V棱镜折光仪测量精度的一种方法。同时对误差进行了分析,并给出实测数据。用这种方法,在非标准环境下测试,不用修正,就能给出折射率,其精度可达±1×10^-5。     

光谱范围从365至12000nm的高精度光电自动折射仪

介绍了由作者研制的光谱范围从365至12000nm的高精度光电自动折射仪的测量原理、主要误差源和仪器组成。用该仪器对包括红外材料锗在内的多种样品进行了测量,在小于2600nm和大于2600nm的波长范围内分别获得了优于±3×10^-6和±5×10^-5的折射率测量精度。     

折射率温度系数测定仪中数据自动采集处理系统的研究

本文介绍了折射率温度系数测定仪的数据自动采集系统。研究了用微计算机对能量及周期均有变化状态下,干涉条纹随温度变化量的采集及处理的硬件及软件。实验中干涉条纹测量精度达±0.06。温度测量精度达±0.5℃。满足了折射率温度系数达±6×10^-7/℃的精度要求。     

自动阿贝折射仪的研究

提出了基于光的全反射原理,利用单色发光二极管作为光源和线阵CCD作为传感器,结合计算机图像处理技术,实现了WYA-Z自动阿贝折射仪的设计。并简要介绍了仪器的工作原理、光路系统、仪器组成、关键技术、设计要求及实验验证。实验结果表明:仪器的折射率测量范围:1.3000～1.7000,精度n_D:±0.0002,重复性n_D:±0.0001。该仪器不仅能自动测量液体的折射率,还能自动测量液体的浓度,因此具有广阔的市场前景。     

A two-reflection divergent differentiating critical angle refractometer

A new critical angle refractometer (CAR) for high accuracy refractive index measurement of liquid has been developed. The instrument improves the accuracy by two reflections in an elongated parallelogram prism, and acquires the angular reflectivity without any angle scanning parts through introduction of a point source with a divergent beam and a charge coupled device. In addition, it employs a simple and robust measurement method that gets the critical angle by differentiating the angular reflectivity. Through investigating absorbing media with absorption index κ (the imaginary part of refractive index) from 0 to 10(-2.1), the theoretical calculation shows that the proposed two-reflection CAR would outperform the traditional one-reflection CAR on lowering the principal error from the differentiation method and improving the ability of getting the critical angle. By testing two typical liquids-salt-water solution and milk, the preliminary experiment indicates that this two-reflection divergent differentiating critical angle refractometer is feasible and of high accuracy.     

Fringe counting method for synthetic phase with frequency-modulated laser diodes

Fringe counting method with laser diodes (LDs) for displacement measurement has been constructed. Two LDs are frequency modulated by mutually inverted sawtooth currents on an unbalanced two-beam interferometer. The mutually inverted sawtooth-current modulation of LDs produces interference fringe signals with opposite signs for respective wavelengths. The two fringe signals are fed to an electronic mixer to produce a synthetic fringe signal with a reduced sensitivity to the synthetic wavelength. Synthetic fringe pulses derived from the synthetic fringe signal make a fringe counting system possible for faster movement of the tested mirror.     

Simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature by integrating an external Fabry-Perot cavity with a fiber Bragg grating

A fiber sensor for simultaneous measurements of refractive index and temperature based on the integration of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) with an external Fabry-Perot (F-P) cavity is presented. The fringe contrast of the interference spectrum generated by the F-P cavity is used to determine the external refractive index, while the wavelength shift of the FBG is used to measure temperature. The result showed that the refractive index and temperature sensitivity for the integrated sensor is 8.1 × 10(-6) and 0.01006 nm/°C, respectively.     

光纤传感测量液体折射率的方法研究

根据菲涅耳公式,推导出了溶液折射率和线偏振光反射率的关系,分别测定不同待测溶液折射率下线偏振光p分量和s分量的反射率,并与理论结果进行比较。实验用阿贝折射仪测定不同浓度下Na_2CO_3溶液的折射率;立足于光纤传感系统,以棱镜为敏感元器件、光为测量媒介,在敏感角入射的情况下,采用光电探测器对偏振光信号进行探测,经光电变换后利用信号调理电路实现信号采集,模数转换后运用单片机实现信息的处理,测定不同浓度溶液的反射率,与理论结果进行比较。结果表明,该方法在实时测量液体折射率的灵敏度、精度方面有较大改善。     

High sensitivity internal refractive index sensor based on a photonic crystal fiber long period grating

A high sensitivity method is reported for the measurement of the internal refractive index using a photonic crystal fiber long period grating. Long period gratings of different lengths were inscribed in photonic crystal fibers, and the air holes of the fiber had varying refractive indices. A side lobe appeared near the resonant dip through the analysis of the characteristics of transmission spectra showing variation in the refractive index. The resonant dip and its side lobe provided varying sensitivities to the internal refractive index values. The sensitivity of the side lobe was as high as 2343?nm/refractive index unit (RIU), which exceeded the value for the resonant dip (2047?nm/RIU) for refractive indices from 1.3333–1.3792. Due to the high resolution of 8.5?×?10^?6 RIU, this method offers promising applications for biological and chemical analysis in which high-precision refractive index measurements are required.     

High efficiency slotted photonic crystal waveguides for the determination of gases using mid-infrared spectroscopy

We present the design and analysis of a high efficiency slotted photonic crystal waveguide for gas sensing applications in the mid-infrared wavelength range. We designed the slotted photonic crystal waveguide structure by engineering the interfaces between the input and output slot waveguides and a resonant coupler. Coupling and transmission spectra of the sensor have been modeled using the three-dimensional finite-difference time domain method. The sensing principle is based on the shift of the upper band edge of the sensor output transmission spectrum which arises due to changes in the ambient refractive index. Transmission spectrum and sensitivity of the proposed sensor are analyzed by tuning the radii of the air holes localized on each side of the slot. The results show that a change of the refractive index of the gas by 10^?4 leads to a shift of the upper band edge wavelength by 540?pm which corresponding to a sensitivity of 1720?nm per refractive index unit. The proposed design may be an ideal platform for developing mid-infrared gas sensing devices characterized by high coupling efficiencies and high sensitivities.     

Sensitivity-enhanced single-mode fiber-tapered hollow core fiber-single-mode fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer for refractive index measurements

In this paper, a sensitive-enhanced single-mode fiber—tapered hollow core fiber—single-mode fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer is demonstrated for refractive index sensing. The sensitivity was improved by forming an up-taper at the two splicing joints and concave cone in hollow core fiber. The up-tapered regions served as a more effective mode splitter/combiner, and the tapered hollow core fiber was used to generate a stronger evanescent field to enhance the interaction of light with the analyte. According to the principles of interference between the cladding and fundamental modes, we performed refractive index measurements. The experiments indicated that the proposed sensor has a high refractive index sensitivity of 214.97?nm/RIU in the refractive index range of 1.333–1.379, with a minimum refractive index measurement resolution of 9.3?×?10^?5. In addition, the sensor had a low temperature response of 2.96?pm/°C in the range from 50 to 85°C and a low cross sensitivity of 1.377?×?10^?5 RIU/°C. The proposed sensor is attractive for its high refractive index sensitivity, easy fabrication, low cross sensitivity, and good mechanical strength, making it of potential value for refractive index measurements for chemical and biological sensing.     

基于迟滞比较器的条纹计数细分电路研究

为了提高基于条纹计数的位移测量在存在强振动的情况的测量精度与可靠性,提出了一种基于迟滞比较器的条纹辨向、计数与细分电路。该电路用迟滞比较器将正弦信号变换为方波信号,并为上升与下降跳变设置不同的门限电压,屏蔽信号在零点附近抖动引起的高频方波的出现。波形变换之后得到的方波由微分器与逻辑电路进行辨向产生双向计数脉冲。由于高频方波在微分之前被屏蔽,则误计数脉冲也被屏蔽。实验证明,这种电路具有很强的抗干扰能力,适用于存在振动及频繁换向情况下位移测量的条纹计数与细分。     

Diagonal in space of coordinate measuring machine verification using an optical-comb pulsed interferometer with a ball-lens target

This paper presents a new optical method of coordinate measuring machine (CMM) verification. The proposed system based on a single-mode fiber optical-comb pulsed interferometer with a ball lens of refractive index 2 employed as the target. The target can be used for absolute-length measurements in all directions. The laser source is an optical frequency comb, whose repetition rate is stabilized by a rubidium frequency standard. The measurement range is confirmed to be up to 10 m. The diagonals of a CMM are easier to verify by the proposed method than by the conventional artifact test method. The measurement uncertainty of the proposed method is also smaller than that of the conventional method because the proposed measurement system is less affected by air temperature; it achieves an uncertainty of approximately 7 μm for measuring lengths of 10 m. The experimental results show that the measurement accuracy depends on noise in the interference fringe, which arises from airflow fluctuations and mechanical vibrations.