ABC-VMD和包络谱分析在齿轮故障诊断中的应用

针对齿轮箱故障的非线性、非稳定性特点,提出了一种参数优化变分模态分解(Variational mode decomposition,简称VMD)提取特征频率的方法。首先,利用人工蜂群算法(Artificial bee colony algorithm,简称ABC)对VMD分解的层数和惩罚因子进行自适应选择;其次,根据互信息法在VMD分解后得到的有限个本征模态函数(Intrinsic mode function,简称IMF)中选择最佳模态函数;最后,对该模态函数进行包络谱分析,有效提取齿轮故障特征频率。仿真与实验结果表明,与经验模态分解(Empirical mode decomposition,简称EMD)以及基于粒子群优化算法(Particle swarm optimization,简称PSO)的变分模态分解方法相比较,ABC-VMD方法自适应性强,可以有效克服模态混叠、信号丢失及过度分解问题,能够准确诊断齿轮箱故障,同时避免PSO-VMD易陷入局部最优的缺点。     

改进小波去噪Teager算子的齿轮微弱故障提取方法

针对齿轮箱在强噪声背景下齿轮微弱故障振动信号的特征不易被提取的问题,提出将改进小波去噪和Teager能量算子相结合的微弱故障特征提取方法。采用改进小波阈值函数对振动信号进行去噪处理,与形态学滤波和传统小波阈值函数相比能够有效地提高信号的信噪比。对去噪后的信号进行集合经验模态分解(ensemble empirical mode decomposition,简称EEMD)得到若干本征模式函数(intrinsic mode function,简称IMF),计算各IMF分量与原信号的相关系数并结合各IMF分量的频谱剔除虚假分量。对有效的IMF分量计算其Teager能量算子,并重构得到Teager能量谱,对重构信号进行时频分析并将其结果与原信号的希尔伯特黄变换(HilbertHuang transform,简称HHT)得到的边际谱进行对比。实验研究结果表明,本研究方法相比HHT能够对齿轮微弱故障特征进行更为有效地提取,验证了本研究方法在齿轮箱微弱故障诊断中的可行性。     

基于SVD-EEMD和TEO的滚动轴承弱故障特征提取

将奇异值分解(singular value decomposition,简称SVD)与集合经验模态分解(ensemble empirical mode decomposition,简称EEMD)进行结合,提出一种适用于滚动轴承弱故障状态描述的敏感特征提取方法。为提高信号故障信息的提取质量,对采集信号进行相空间重构得到一种Hankel矩阵。根据该矩阵的奇异值差分谱,确定降噪阶次进行SVD降燥。用EEMD分解降噪后的信号可获得11个本征模态函数(intrinsic mode function,简称IMF)和1个余项。依据建立的峭度-均方差准则,筛选出一个能够有效描述故障状态的敏感IMF分量,计算其相应的Teager能量算子(Teager energy operator,简称TEO),对此TEO进行Fourier变换,实现了对滚动轴承弱故障模式的有效辨识。用美国凯斯西储大学公开的滚动轴承故障信号对所建立的方法与传统EEMD-Hilbert法和EEMD-TEO方法进行对比,结果表明:经本方法提取的敏感特征能准确突显滚动轴承故障频率发生的周期性冲击,可准确识别其故障类型。     

基于VMD的自适应随机共振在滚动轴承早期故障检测中的应用

针对滚动轴承早期微弱故障难以检测的问题,提出一种基于变分模态分解(Variational mode decompsition,VMD)的自适应随机共振轴承故障检测方法。首先对滚动轴承的振动故障信号进行VMD分解,得到有限个本征模态函数(Intrinsic mode function,IMF),选取包含故障特征的IMF分量并进行信号重构;将重构信号输入随机共振系统,采用以改进加权峭度为目标函数的量子粒子群算法,优化系统结构参数,得到最佳共振输出,从而实现降噪和增强故障特征的目的,最后通过输出信号的自相关包络谱提取故障特征频率。实测数据的分析结果验证了该方法的有效性和优势。     

基于TVF-EMD和TEO的滚动轴承微弱故障特征提取

针对旋转机械转子振动信号通常伴随着强噪声,难以提取其有效信息的问题,提出一种基于时变滤波经验模态分解(Time varying filtering based empirical mode decomposition,TVF-EMD)和Teager能量算子(Teager energy operator,TEO)相结合的故障特征提取方法。首先,用TVF-EMD方法自适应地分解轴承振动信号,以获得一组本征模态函数(Intrinsic mode functions,IMFs);然后,对分解结果进行峭度计算,并根据峭度最大准则选出峰度值最高的敏感分量;进而,利用Teager能量算子对选定的敏感分量进行解调处理,通过观察明显的周期性故障特征频率来实现轴承微弱故障特征提取。进行了仿真和实验,结果证明,该方法能有效实现轴承微弱故障的诊断。     

基于改进EMD和谱峭度法滚动轴承故障特征提取

针对滚动轴承故障信号的强背景噪声特点,提出一种基于改进经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,简称EMD)与谱峭度法的滚动轴承故障特征提取方法.首先,利用EMD方法对原故障信号进行分解,得到若干平稳固有模态分量(intrinsic mode function,简称IMF);然后,采用灰色关联度与互信息相结合方法剔除传统EMD分解结果中存在的虚假分量;最后,运用谱峭度法和包络解调方法对真实IMF分量进行分析,提取故障特征频率.通过对实际滚动轴承故障信号的应用表明,该方法可有效地提取滚动轴承故障特征,且能够取得比传统包络解调分析更好的效果.     

基于本征模态函数包络谱的滚动轴承故障诊断

针对滚动轴承故障振动信号非平稳的特征,以及传统傅里叶变换不能反映信号细节的缺陷,引入了一种基于本征模态函数包络谱的方法。首先,采用经验模态分解（empirical mode decomposition,EMD）将滚动轴承故障振动信号分解成若干个本征模态函数（intrinsic mode function,IMF）之和;然后,求出包含主要信息成分的IMF分量的Hilbert包络谱;最后,对照滚动轴承故障特征频率,进而判定故障类型。通过对滚动轴承内圈、外圈故障振动信号的分析处理,表明该方法能有效地提取滚动轴承的故障特征。     

基于改进MOMEDA的齿轮箱复合故障诊断

总体经验模态分解(ensemble empirical mode decomposition,简称EEMD)对信号分解时由于白噪声选取不当,常造成能量泄露;通过计算多点峭度可以提取冲击性故障周期,但在强噪声环境下其追踪效果并不理想;考虑到多点最优最小熵反褶积(multipoint optimal minimum entropy deconvolution adjuste,简称MOMEDA)提取故障时准确度受到故障周期区间范围的影响,提出了基于组合模态函数-多点最优最小熵反褶积(combined mode function-multipoint optimal minimum entropy deconvolution adjuste,简称CMF-MOMEDA)的自适应齿轮箱复合故障特征提取方法。首先,通过EEMD对信号分解,将信号按高低频依次分开;其次,取与原信号相关性强的本征模态函数,通过组合模态函数(combined mode function,简称CMF)将原信号分解为高低两个频带C_h和C_L,分别求其多点峭度谱图,提取故障周期成分;然后,设定合适的周期范围,通过MOMEDA提取故障特征;最后,将该方法应用于齿轮箱故障特征提取,以验证其可行性。     

POVMD与包络阶次谱的变工况滚动轴承故障诊断

针对变转速滚动轴承故障特征提取较难的问题,提出一种基于参数优化变分模态分解(parameter optimized variational mode decomposition,简称POVMD)与包络阶次谱的变工况滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先,采用POVMD对变转速滚动轴承振动信号进行分解,得到若干个本征模态函数之和;其次,对各个分量的时域信号进行角域重采样,将时变信号转化为平稳信号处理,再利用Hilbert变换估计重采样后的平稳信号的包络;最后,对得到的包络信号进行阶比分析,从谱图中读取故障特征信息。将POVMD方法与经验模态分解进行了对比,仿真信号分析结果表明了POVMD方法的优越性。将提出的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断方法应用于试验数据分析,分析结果表明,所提出的方法能够实现变转速滚动轴承的故障诊断,而且诊断效果优于现有方法。     

小波包去噪与改进HHT的微弱信号特征提取

为提取机械设备早期故障微弱信号特征频率,在对信号进行小波包降噪后,利用改进Hilbert-Huang变换(Hilbert-Huang transform,简称HHT)进行特征提取,通过经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,简称EMD)得到若干个固有模态函数(intrinsic mode function,简称IMF)后,利用IMF与EMD分解前信号的相关系数作为判断标准,剔除分解中产生的多余低频IMF,选取有效IMF集进行边际谱分析。改进HHT不仅可消除多余IMF的影响,还可节省Matlab计算内存,提高运算速度。     

循环统计量方法在滚动轴承故障诊断中的应用

为了处理滚动轴承故障振动信号中的调制现象，利用循环统计理论，分析了二阶统计量循环自相关函数和循环谱密度的特性。基于故障调幅信号模型推导出循环自相关函数的解调原理，指出调幅信号各成分在循环谱密度中的分布频段，提出在循环频率域中提取调幅信号的调制源的方法。该原理和方法通过仿真信号进行验证，应用于滚动轴承的内、外圈及滚动体的故障诊断，有效地提取出故障特征频率。     

基于线调频小波路径追踪阶比循环平稳解调的齿轮故障诊断

为从变转速齿轮箱振动信号中提取齿轮故障特征,提出基于线调频小波路径追踪的阶比循环平稳解调方法。该方法利用线调频小波路径追踪算法估计振动信号中的转速信号,根据转速信号对信号进行等角度采样,获取角域周期平稳信号,求取角域信号的循环自相关函数,在特征循环阶比处对循环自相关函数进行切片,并对切片进行解调分析得到切片解调谱,依据切片解调谱进行齿轮故障诊断。由于线调频小波路径追踪算法具有精度高和抗噪能力强的优点,而循环平稳解调算法可以有效提取淹没在噪声中的周期性故障特征,因而,该方法结合了二者的优点,适合于变转速齿轮信号的故障特征提取。算法仿真和应用实例表明,该方法能有效地提取变转速齿轮箱振动信号中的齿轮故障特征。     

电动机轴承故障诊断的循环平稳方法

通过信号仿真,研究了二阶循环平稳分析的解调性能,并总结出循环自相关与谱相关切片函数的一般规律,分析了故障电动机轴承振动信号的循环平稳特性。试验中,模拟并采集工况中带有强噪声的内圈故障电动机轴承的振动信号,提出用小波消噪与特殊频率处谱相关切片结合的分析方法,进行特征提取,分析过程中发现,这种方法能有效实现轴承快速诊断,避免三维函数分析信息冗余、计算量庞大的缺点,同时也排除了瞬时转速与额定转速偏差引起的干扰。     

Rolling element bearing faults diagnosis based on optimal Morlet wavelet filter and autocorrelation enhancement

The fault diagnosis of rolling element bearing is important for improving mechanical system reliability and performance. When localized fault occurs in a bearing, the periodic impulsive feature of the vibration signal appears in time domain, and the corresponding bearing characteristic frequencies (BCFs) emerge in frequency domain. However, in the early stage of bearing failures, the BCFs contain very little energy and are often overwhelmed by noise and higher-level macro-structural vibrations, an effective signal processing method would be necessary to remove such corrupting noise and interference. In this paper, a new hybrid method based on optimal Morlet wavelet filter and autocorrelation enhancement is presented. First, to eliminate the frequency associated with interferential vibrations, the vibration signal is filtered with a band-pass filter determined by a Morlet wavelet whose parameters are optimized by genetic algorithm. Then, to further reduce the residual in-band noise and highlight the periodic impulsive feature, an autocorrelation enhancement algorithm is applied to the filtered signal. In the enhanced autocorrelation envelope power spectrum, only several single spectrum lines would be left, which is very simple for operator to identify the bearing fault type. Moreover, the proposed method can be conducted in an almost automatic way. The results obtained from simulated and practical experiments prove that the proposed method is very effective for bearing faults diagnosis.     

滚动轴承振动的周期平稳性分析及故障诊断

分析滚动轴承出现故障后振动信号的特征,在给出滚动轴承冲击信号数学模型的基础上,指出滚动轴承故障为典型的非平稳信号,具有很宽的频带,用幅值谱难以获得故障特征.利用滚动轴承回转工作的特点,推导滚动轴承故障信号的循环平稳性,指出该故障信号为几乎周期平稳信号.简单介绍二阶循环统计量的解调特性,提出先对滚动轴承故障信号进行带通滤波,然后利用二阶循环统计量解调来进行故障特征识别.对工业现场故障数据的分析表明所提出方法的有效性.     

Fault feature extraction of rolling bearing based on an improved cyclical spectrum density method

The traditional cyclical spectrum density(CSD) method is widely used to analyze the fault signals of rolling bearing. All modulation frequencies are demodulated in the cyclic frequency spectrum. Consequently, recognizing bearing fault type is difficult. Therefore, a new CSD method based on kurtosis(CSDK) is proposed. The kurtosis value of each cyclic frequency is used to measure the modulation capability of cyclic frequency. When the kurtosis value is large, the modulation capability is strong. Thus, the kurtosis value is regarded as the weight coefficient to accumulate all cyclic frequencies to extract fault features. Compared with the traditional method, CSDK can reduce the interference of harmonic frequency in fault frequency, which makes fault characteristics distinct from background noise. To validate the effectiveness of the method, experiments are performed on the simulation signal, the fault signal of the bearing outer race in the test bed, and the signal gathered from the bearing of the blast furnace belt cylinder. Experimental results show that the CSDK is better than the resonance demodulation method and the CSD in extracting fault features and recognizing degradation trends. The proposed method provides a new solution to fault diagnosis in bearings.     

Weak feature enhancement in machinery fault diagnosis using empirical wavelet transform and an improved adaptive bistable stochastic resonance

Machinery vibration signal is a typical multi-component signal and fault features are often submerged by some interference components. To accurately extract fault features, a weak feature enhancement method based on empirical wavelet transform (EWT) and an improved adaptive bistable stochastic resonance (IABSR) is proposed. This method makes full use of the signal decomposition performance of EWT and the signal enhancement of the IABSR to achieve the purpose of fault feature enhancement in low frequency band of FFT spectrum. Firstly, EWT is used as the preprocessing program of bistable stochastic resonance (BSR) to decompose the machinery vibration signal into a set of sub-components. Then, the sensitive component that contains main fault information is further input into BSR system to enhance fault features with the assistance of residual noises. Finally, the fault features are identified from fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectrum of the BSR output. To achieve the optimal BSR output, the IABSR method based on salp swarm algorithm (SSA) is presented. Compared with the tradition adaptive BSR (ABSR), the IABSR optimizes not only the BSR system parameters but also the calculation step size. Two case studies on machinery fault diagnosis demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method. In addition, the proposed method is easy to implement and is robust to noise to some extent.     

基于参数自适应特征模态分解的滚动 轴承故障诊断方法

针对强背景噪声下轴承故障信息难以有效提取的问题,提出一种基于参数自适应特征模态分解的滚动轴承故障诊断方 法。 首先,为了克服原始特征模态分解(FMD)需要依赖人为经验设定关键参数而不具有自适应性的缺点,提出基于平方包络 谱特征能量比(FER-SES)的网格搜索方法自动地确定 FMD 的模态个数 n 和滤波器长度 L;随后,采用参数优化的 FMD 将原轴 承振动信号划分为 n 个模态分量,并选取具有最大 FER-SES 的模态分量为敏感模态分量;最后,通过计算敏感模态分量的平方 包络谱来提取故障特征频率,从而判别轴承故障类型。 通过仿真信号和工程案例分析验证了提出方法的有效性。 与变分模态 分解(VMD)和谱峭度方法(SK)相比,提出方法具有更好的故障特征提取性能。     

Weak fault feature extraction of rolling bearing based on cyclic Wiener filter and envelope spectrum

In vibration analysis, weak fault feature extraction under strong background noise is of great importance. A method based on cyclic Wiener filter and envelope spectrum analysis is proposed. Cyclic Wiener filter exploits the spectral coherence theory induced by the second-order cyclostationary signal. The original signal is duplicated and shifted in the frequency domain by amounts corresponding to the cyclic frequencies. The noise component is optimally filtered by a filter-bank. The filtered signal is analyzed by performing envelope spectrum. In the envelope spectrum, characteristic frequencies are quite clear. Then the most impactive part is effectively extracted for further fault diagnosis. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated on both simulated signal and actual data from rolling bearing accelerated life test.