氯化钠冰浆系统的试验研究

对刮片式冰浆生成器进行试验研究,探讨不同浓度下的氯化钠溶液结晶的试验过程与现象。试验结果表明:对浓度为3%⁵%的氯化钠溶液制取冰浆,能效系数最高达到1.9。纯净水和氯化钠溶液在试验过程中,存在一定的过冷度下才开始结晶,并且随着浓度的增加冰点温度呈线性减小,与理论相比,由于氯化钠溶液在低温下容易发生析晶,试验得到的溶液结晶点温度比理论的温度要高一些。     

航空喷气燃料RP-3比热容特性研究

采用流动型比热容测量法,在相同温度、不同压力和相同压力、不同温度条件下,开展航空喷气燃料RP-3的比热容特性试验,研究航空喷气燃料比热容参数随温度和压力的变化规律。结果表明,在相同压力、不同温度条件下,比热容随温度的升高逐渐增加;在相同温度、不同压力条件下,比热容随压力的升高逐渐降低。     

基于PIV的四斜叶桨搅拌反应器中非牛顿流体流场研究

针对机械搅拌反应器内非牛顿流体混合效率问题,对机械搅拌反应器内非牛顿流体流场特性进行了研究。采用非接触式流场测试PIV技术,对试验规模四斜叶桨搅拌反应器内非牛顿流体流场进行了测量,讨论和分析了不同溶液浓度和不同搅拌速度对机械搅拌反应器内流场分布的影响。研究结果表明:搅拌速度不仅可以影响流体间对流强度,而且会改变流体流场结构;溶液浓度对流场结构影响不大,但影响桨叶下部高流速区域大小和流体的最大速度。     

盐浴氯化钡、氯化钠混合盐的快速测定

利用置换滴定法原理,在pH=10的氨性缓冲溶液中,加入适量MgY,以络黑T为指示剂,用EDTA滴定Ba2 ,测定试样中氯化钡的含量.在中性溶液中,加入少量淀粉,以二氯荧光素为指示剂,用硝酸银标准溶液滴定溶液中的Cl-,并在计算氯化钠含量时扣除氯化钡中Cl-的影响,从而求得试样中氯化钠的含量.该方法用于中温盐浴氯化钡、氯化钠混合盐中氯化钡、氯化钠的测定,结果满意.     

生鲜牛乳中氯化物的测定

本试验采用间接沉淀滴定法测定生鲜牛乳中的氯化钠含量,试液经酸化后,加入过量的硝酸银溶液,以硫酸铁铵为指示剂,用硫氰酸钾标准溶液滴定过量的硝酸银,根据硫氰酸钾溶液的消耗量,计算生鲜牛乳中氯化钠的含量。     

溶液调湿空调系统浓度差的变化规律研究

从理论上分析了溶液分支流量对溶液平衡浓度差的影响,给出了溶液平衡浓度差的理论计算模型。模拟计算结果表明:随着溶液分支流量的增大,浓溶液和稀溶液之间的平衡浓度差减小;在相同的溶液分支流量下,Li Cl溶液的平衡浓度差比Li Br溶液略大;系统冷负荷和热负荷增加量均随溶液分支流量的增大而增大,但随板式换热器进出口溶液温差的增大而减小;与Li Br溶液相比,Li Cl溶液循环过程受溶液分支流量的影响相对较大。     

不同pH氯化钠溶液对P110S油套管钢腐蚀磨损交互作用的影响

采用失重法和电化学方法研究了P110S油套管钢在不同pH氯化钠溶液中的腐蚀磨损行为,分析了试样表面的磨损产物。结果表明:试验钢在pH为3的氯化钠溶液中的腐蚀磨损速率最大,而在pH为7氯化钠溶液中的最小,在不同pH氯化钠溶液中,试验钢的腐蚀与磨损呈正交互作用;腐蚀磨损后试样的自腐蚀电位在pH为11的氯化钠溶液中最低,在pH为3,7的氯化钠溶液中相差不大,溶液pH对腐蚀磨损前试样的自腐蚀电位影响不大;随着氯化钠溶液pH的增加,试样表面磨损变形程度增大,腐蚀产物中氧、铁原子比减小。     

机械搅拌槽内非牛顿流体内流特性研究

在工业生产中获得广泛应用的机械搅拌混合,其流体大都是非牛顿流体,具有与牛顿流体不同的流变性质（弹性效应,剪切稀化以及剪切变稠）,所以急需对非牛顿流体情况下搅拌槽内的内流特性开展研究。基于Lin-A315桨型的粒子图像测速技术（Particle Image velocimetry,PIV）试验结果对搅拌槽内非牛顿流体的流场特性进行定常/非定常数值模拟,研究不同质量分数的黄原胶溶液在不同搅拌速度下的轴面流速分布、湍动能分布、径向截线的流速剖面、所需要的搅拌混合时间以及搅拌能耗。结果表明,数值模拟可以很好地模拟分析机械搅拌槽内非牛顿流体的流场特性;提高搅拌速度可以增加槽内主循环流的范围和强度,搅拌槽内涡的分布和湍动能分布范围也相应变大,与100 r/min相比,300 r/min和500 r/min工况下的轴向速度最大值增加3.6倍和5.9倍,所需要的混合时间缩短0.46倍和0.36倍;增加黄原胶溶液的浓度会减小流场的主循环流范围,增加速度梯度,降低槽底区域循环速度,所以与非牛顿流体溶液浓度的变化相比,所需要混合时间对转速变化更为敏感;另外提高搅拌速度会增加搅拌能耗,因此对低浓度非牛顿流体宜选择中等转速、高浓度非牛顿流体宜选择高转速以有利于溶液混合和能源节约。     

磁性壳聚糖复合微球的制备及表征

采用磁性Fe_3O_4纳米颗粒为磁核,用反相悬浮聚合法制备了磁性壳聚糖复合微球,用激光粒度仪和透射电镜对磁性壳聚糖微球的尺寸和形貌进行分析,考察了壳聚糖浓度、乳化剂用量、交联剂浓度、搅拌速度等参数对壳聚糖成球的影响。结果表明:使用4 mL质量浓度为4 g·L~(-1)壳聚糖溶液、0.1 mL司本-80和0.1 mg磁性Fe_3O_4纳米颗粒,经超声分散1 h后,加入0.5 mL4%的戊二醛,在转速350 r·min~(-1)搅拌条件下,室温下反应2 h,可得到形貌光滑、粒径为0.5～2 μm的磁性壳聚糖复合微球,该壳聚糖复合微球具有较好的磁响应性能。     

用樟脑酒精溶液代替香蕉水

在喷漆中,香蕉水是作为溶剂用的,它并能使喷漆面光泽。但它的价格相当高,每箱要76元。我厂装配车间漆工组线长赵阿福同志,提出用樟脑酒精溶液来代替香蕉水的建议,经过几次试验,证明可以收到节约的效果(酒精每箱只29.76元)。试验的情况如下。用3%樟脑酒精溶液(每3克樟脑丸溶解于100克工业用酒精内)来全部代替香蕉水,结果喷漆表面的光泽较差。另外用樟脑酒精溶液代替一半香蕉水(即用一半香蕉水,一半樟脑酒精溶液),结果喷漆表面光     

Differential membrane-based nanocalorimeter for high-resolution measurements of low-temperature specific heat

A differential, membrane-based nanocalorimeter for general specific heat studies of very small samples, ranging from 0.5 mg to sub-μg in mass, is described. The calorimeter operates over the temperature range from above room temperature down to 0.5 K. It consists of a pair of cells, each of which is a stack of heaters and thermometer in the center of a silicon nitride membrane, in total giving a background heat capacity less than 100 nJ/K at 300 K, decreasing to 10 pJ/K at 1 K. The device has several distinctive features: (i) The resistive thermometer, made of a Ge(1 - x)Au(x) alloy, displays a high dimensionless sensitivity ∣dlnR∕dlnT∣ ? 1 over the entire temperature range. (ii) The sample is placed in direct contact with the thermometer, which is allowed to self-heat. The thermometer can thus be operated at high dc current to increase the resolution. (iii) Data are acquired with a set of eight synchronized lock-in amplifiers measuring dc, 1st and 2nd harmonic signals of heaters and thermometer. This gives high resolution and allows continuous output adjustments without additional noise. (iv) Absolute accuracy is achieved via a variable-frequency-fixed-phase technique in which the measurement frequency is automatically adjusted during the measurements to account for the temperature variation of the sample heat capacity and the device thermal conductance. The performance of the calorimeter is illustrated by studying the heat capacity of a small Au sample and the specific heat of a 2.6?μg piece of superconducting Pb in various magnetic fields.     

Miniature fluorescent sensor for chloride ion concentration determination based on modified Stern–Volmer Equation

Sweat test based on chloride ion selective electrode is the common method for the diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis (CF). In our previous study, the possibility of using chloride ion sensitive fluorescent dye to determine the chloride ion concentration with a small volume of sample has been explored. However, we found the conventional Stern–Volmer Equation is applicable only for large systems such as a fluorescent microscope with a large volume of sample and dye solution; and it is not valid for portable devices using a small photo detector and a small volume of sample and dye solution. Therefore, in this paper, extensive experiments were performed by using a miniature fluorescent detection system; the effects of the parameters including the concentration and the volume of fluorescent dye solution, the coefficient of Stern–Volmer plot, and the volume ratio of the fluorescent dye solution and the chloride solution were studied; and a modified Stern–Volmer Equation was obtained. Using the modified Stern–Volmer correlation, the miniature fluorescent detection device can detect the chloride ion concentration correctly and rapidly.     

半导体制冷系统热端散热试验研究

分别对TEC1-12704和TEC1-12706两种型号半导体制冷片的热端进行了散热器有热管散热与散热器无热管散热的试验装置设计,同时设计了分离电流输入两级制冷散热器有热管散热的试验装置,并分析了热端散热工况对冷端温度的影响。试验结果显示:散热器有热管散热可强化热端散热,半导体制冷片冷端温度与散热器散热能力有关,在有限散热能力条件下,冷端温度随输入电流的增加先增大后减小;保证散热能力条件下,冷端温度随输入电流增大而减小、随热端温度减小而减小;对双片TEC1-12706半导体制冷片采用分离电流输入两级制冷,冷端最低温度可达到-38.6℃。试验结果表明:改善热端散热条件能够提高单片半导体制冷片性能,同时在试验测试的最佳散热条件下采用分离电流输入两级制冷可使冷端温度大幅降低,这对提高半导体制冷片工作温差着重要的意义。     

一种低温供暖自然对流散热器的换热特性及结构的研究

我国的低温热源资源非常丰富,但由于部分低温热源的温度较低,利用率不高,造成了一定的浪费。毛细管自然对流散热器是一种新型的低温供暖末端设备,以毛细管网为换热芯,以自然对流为主要散热方式,可使用不低于30℃的热水采暖,从而对其他类型供暖末端设备难以利用的低品位热源加以循环利用。本文利用数值模拟的方法,分析了毛细管自然对流散热器的散热规律,得出了设备高度、厚度、进风口和送风口尺寸等几个结构因素与设备散热强度的制约关系,并根据关系曲线和数据总结出了最优结构因素的计算公式,为毛细管自然对流散热器的进一步研究和应用提供了依据。为保证结果的可信性,本文还通过相应样机的散热量试验结果和温度场实测数据对模拟结果进行验证,结果表明模拟计算结果正确。     

Measurement of wire electrode temperature in WEDM

Wire temperature is an important parameter in the wire electro-discharge machining (WEDM) process because overheating of the wire can cause the wire to break. It is difficult, however, to measure the wire temperature directly under the condition that the wire is emerged in water and surrounded by the workpiece. Only mathematical analyses by now have been reported to determine such temperature but limited by the assumption of convective heat transfer coefficient and the percentage of energy distribution. Based on the relationship between the wire temperature and the value of its resistance, this paper proposes a measuring system that has been developed to experimentally track and record the average temperature increment of the wire electrode for the WEDM process. With this system, the average temperature increment of the wire under discharges can be as high as 130°C. The average temperature increment of the wire under normal discharges has also been measured for low discharging energy. A typical application of this system is finally discussed in this paper. By measuring the average temperature increment of the wire electrode heated by Joule heating energy, the convective heat transfer coefficient in WEDM is experimentally determined.     

数字式光栅测长仪温度测量定标系统

为满足数字式光栅测长仪测量精度进一步提高的需要,为数字式光栅测长仪测温系统设计制作了一种高精度多路温度定标系统。根据热传导理论,分析了系统设计的合理性。同时通过实验检测证实了该系统的实用性。该系统具有成本低、精度高、操作方便、易于在现场推广应用等优点。用该系统定标的多路温度测量仪送法定计量部门检定,检定结果表明该系统达到预定的标准。     

Characterisation of a high concentration ionic bubble column using electrical resistance tomography

Attentions has been given to ionic liquids as an alternative physical solvent for carbon dioxide (CO₂) absorption because of their potential for gas selectivity, absorption capacity and low desorption energy by tailoring the molecules. Ionic liquid normally have a high viscosity, which influences the performance of absorption processes, and therefore, efficiency. This study investigates the hydrodynamics of ionic liquids in a two-phase gas–liquid flow by determination of the bubble formation, distribution of gas and bubble velocity profiles. A dual plane electrical resistance tomography (ERT) system and an optical imaging device were applied to a bubble column reactor of 50 mm internal diameter for the study. The model ionic liquids were aqueous solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) with conductivity adjusted by altering the concentration of NaCl. Gas holdup has been estimated by analyses of conductivity data obtained from ERT by application of Maxwell's relationship which reveals significant increase in gas holdup as ionic concentration increases and is in good agreement with other studies.     

余热驱动多功能热管型吸附制冰机组的性能

介绍一种以氯化钙/活性炭复合吸附剂和氨作为吸附工质对的多功能热管型吸附式制冰机组,该机组利用低品位余热作为驱动热源进行制冰。为了强化机组换热及防止余热腐蚀现象,采用热管技术完成吸附床的加热解吸、冷却吸附及回热过程,吸附床加热解吸时,形成以余热发生装置为热管蒸发段、以吸附床为热管冷凝段的热管型加热回路;两吸附床间回热时形成以高温解吸床为热管蒸发段、以低温吸附床为热管冷凝段的热管型回热回路;吸附床冷却吸附时,形成以吸附床为热管蒸发段、以冷却器为热管冷凝段的热管型冷却回路。在此基础上采用新回质回热循环方式对机组性能进行了研究。试验结果表明：新回质回热方式与传统回质回热方式相比,可大幅度增加机组制冷量,单位质量吸附剂制冷功率,(Specific cooling power,SCP)和性能系数(Coefficient of performance,COP)增大幅度均在17 %以上;相对基本循环,传统回质回热方式可使机组COP提高43.8 %,新回质回热方式可使机组COP提高幅度高达68.7 %。可见采用新回质回热方式更有利于提高吸附制冰机组的工作性能。     

大功率固态功率管热设计优化及验证

为研究大功率固态功率管的传热问题,文中以某风冷固态功率管为例,介绍了其结构形式,分析了从功率管管壳到空气热沉之间的主要热阻,通过热设计软件进行了仿真计算。计算结果表明,造成功率管温升较大的热阻有对流换热热阻、导热热阻和接触热阻。为了降低功率管的结温,对每个热阻分别进行了优化设计和计算,通过试验对优化后的模型进行了验证,测试结果与仿真结果一致。最后还对大功率固态功率管的热设计优化方法进行了介绍。