TC18钛合金铣削表面质量试验研究

针对钛合金的难加工性、加工效率较低问题,以提高加工表面质量为研究目的,分析航空用TC18钛合金铣削加工参数对表面粗糙度、加工表面形貌及金相组织的影响变化。使用田口和优化设计模块两种设计方法进行试验,建立两种预测模型(指数模型及多元二次回归模型)并针对两种模型分别使用多目标遗传算法和响应面法以提高表面质量同时提高加工效率为目标进行参数优化。试验结果表明:各参数对表面粗糙度影响顺序为进给量f铣削深度a_p铣削宽度a_e主轴转速n;多元二次回归模型显著性较高,响应面优化参数组合所得表面形貌最优。观察TC18钛合金铣削加工截面金相组织,结论表明靠近加工表面的等轴α相被拉长,析出条状次生α相。     

高速铣削时钛合金刀具的磨损及对工件表面粗糙度的影响

观察高速铣削钛合金刀具时后刀面及被加工表面的形貌,通过对刀具后刀面磨损量和被加工表面粗糙度值的测量研究了刀具磨损对被加工表面粗糙度的影响,揭示了钛合金铣削加工时提高表面质量的规律。     

TC4-DT钛合金铣削表面粗糙度试验研究

针对实际生产中TC4-DT钛合金铣削加工表面质量差问题,以钛合金铣削加工表面粗糙度Ra为研究对象,基于低速干切、高速湿切等条件,设计铣削用量影响表面粗糙度试验方案,分析试验结果,探索工艺参数对钛合金加工表面质量的影响规律,提出了改善TC4-DT钛合金铣削加工表面质量的建议,为进一步研究钛合金加工性能提供了参考和借鉴。     

振动辅助铣削加工仿生表面研究

为探究沿进给方向施加振动辅助铣削加工仿生表面形貌的可行性,通过数学计算获得了刀具与工件分离的条件。设计了仿真分析方案,将振动辅助铣削MATLAB仿真刀尖轨迹与实验加工表面以及典型生物表面形貌进行了对比分析。分析结果表明,振动辅助铣削表面形貌和典型生物表面形貌具有相似性,证明了振动辅助铣削加工技术在仿生表面加工领域应用的可行性。     

不同刀具倾角下切削参数对TC4表面形貌影响规律研究

针对TC4钛合金曲面零件在精加工时因刀具倾角变化而导致表面形貌质量不稳定的问题,通过在20°,30°,40°,50°四个不同的刀具倾角下进行铣削试验,研究和分析不同刀具倾角下切削速度和每齿进给量对表面粗糙度和表面形貌的影响。结果表明：刀具倾角在20°～50°时,以v_c=55m/min的切削速度加工可稳定获得较好的表面质量;除了β=30°的试件表面外,其他试件中个别切削参数组合的加工表面出现垂直于加工刀痕的振动波纹,切削速度较大或每齿进给量较大时更易产生表面振动波纹,且切削速度越大,表面振动波纹频率越高;在试验的刀具倾角范围内,表面粗糙度随着切削速度的增加有减小的趋势,各刀具倾角下的减小程度不同,但当刀具倾角较大时,由于刀具振动加剧,加工表面质量反而下降,表面粗糙度值随着切削速度的增加而增大。     

内冷式MQL铣削钛合金表面质量的研究

为了研究内冷式MQL铣削钛合金时各参数对已加工表面质量的影响,首先利用ABAQUS软件进行铣削仿真试验并获得铣削后工件表面位移值,在稳定铣削后的工件表面选取15个点,优选其中10个点的轮廓算术平均偏差作为评定表面质量的方法;然后采用正交试验的方法,通过极差分析,得到各铣削参数影响表面粗糙度的规律;最后,通过单因素试验研究铣削参数对已加工表面粗糙度及表面形貌的影响。结果表明:冷却液流量对表面粗糙度的影响最大,其次是进给量、转速和背吃刀量;试验结果与仿真基本一致。     

摆线铣削表面特性的功率谱密度研究

为了研究摆线铣削加工方法下影响工件表面微观形貌的主要因素,采用不同切削参数进行了铣削加工实验,并结合功率谱密度法对获得的表面数据进行了更加全面的分析表征。实验结果表明:采用摆线铣削加工方式时,较大的径向切削深度有利于功率谱密度值降低,保证表面质量的同时,提高加工效率;每齿进给量和主轴转速分别和表面轮廓间距、加工振动联系紧密,影响表面凸起和缺陷;加工表面的主要频率分布能够反映加工工艺条件对加工表面形貌的影响。     

基于表面形貌仿真模型的球头铣削参数多目标优化

切削参数的选择对铣削加工的表面质量影响较大,在保证加工效率的前提下提高球头铣削加工的表面质量具有重要的意义。采用数学建模的方式,建立基于响应曲面法的球头铣削三维表面形貌仿真模型,以表面形貌(三维表面形貌算数平均偏差)S_(ba)作为衡量表面质量的技术指标,分析各切削参数对其影响规律,并结合加工效率数学模型,多目标优化切削参数。研究表明,在保证其它加工条件不变的前提下,三维表面形貌的算术平均偏差与每齿进给量f_z和径向切深a_e呈正相关关系,而切削速度v_c和轴向切深a_p的影响不显著。优化后的5组切削参数在表面形貌和加工效率方面都有较好表现。     

钛合金型腔圆角高速铣削特征研究

钛合金型腔圆角加工容易发生切削负载增大和颤振等现象,导致圆角表面质量较差,难以实现钛合金高效加工。通过钛合金型腔圆角铣削试验,基于铣削力和圆角表面质量检测,分析内圆角铣削特征和原理,并优化铣削参数。试验表明:采用小切削宽度的高速加工,可实现钛合金内圆角的高效加工;在Vc=90m/min,ft=0.06mm/t,ap=20mm,ae=1mm切削参数组合下,切削力相对较小,加工效率高,切削表面质量高。     

TC4钛合金微细铣削仿真与试验研究

钛合金由于其高的强度和耐热性、低的导热系数,在微细加工时若切削参数选择不合理容易导致切削力大、加工质量不稳定。在微细铣削加工中,由于刃口半径和尺寸效应的存在,选择合适的切削参数对于切削状态的改善有重要意义。通过仿真和试验对比分析,研究TC4钛合金在微细铣削过程中每齿进给量对切屑变形、铣削力和加工表面粗糙度的影响,以期为改善微细切削状态、提高加工表面质量提供合适的切削参数选择指导。结果表明,在使用刃口半径为2.05μm、刀具直径为1 mm的硬质合金铣刀对TC4钛合金进行微细铣削加工时,微细铣削TC4钛合金切削状态发生转变时所对应的临界每齿进给量为0.8μm/z;微细铣削时每齿进给量应大于此临界值。     

Surface topography and roughness of high-speed milled AlMn1Cu

The aluminum alloy AlMn1Cu has been broadly applied for functional parts production because of its good properties. But few researches about the machining mechanism and the surface roughness were reported. The high-speed milling experiments are carried out in order to improve the machining quality and reveal the machining mechanism. The typical topography features of machined surface are observed by scan electron microscope(SEM). The results show that the milled surface topography is mainly characterized by the plastic shearing deformation surface and material piling zone. The material flows plastically along the end cutting edge of the flat-end milling tool and meanwhile is extruded by the end cutting edge, resulting in that materials partly adhere to the machined surface and form the material piling zone. As the depth of cut and the feed per tooth increase, the plastic flow of materials is strengthened and the machined surface becomes rougher. However, as the cutting speed increases, the plastic flow of materials is weakened and the milled surface becomes smoother. The cutting parameters (e.g. cutting speed, feed per tooth and depth of cut) influencing the surface roughness are analyzed. It can be concluded that the roughness of the machined surface formed by the end cutting edge is less than that by the cylindrical cutting edge when a cylindrical flat-end mill tool is used for milling. The proposed research provides the typical topography features of machined surface of the anti-rust aluminum alloy AlMn1Cu in high speed milling.     

Surface generation modeling of micro milling process with stochastic tool wear

Micro milling is widely used to manufacture miniature parts and features at high quality with low set-up cost. To achieve a higher quality of existing micro products and improve the milling performance, a reliable analytical model of surface generation is the prerequisite as it offers the foundation for surface topography and surface roughness optimization. In the micro milling process, the stochastic tool wear is inevitable, but the deep influence of tool wear hasn't been considered in the micro milling process operation and modeling. Therefore, an improved analytical surface generation model with stochastic tool wear is presented for the micro milling process. A probabilistic approach based on the particle filter algorithm is used to predict the stochastic tool wear progression, linking online measurement data of cutting forces and tool vibrations with the state of tool wear. Meanwhile, the influence of tool run-out is also considered since the uncut chip thickness can be comparable to feed per tooth compared with that in conventional milling. Based on the process kinematics, tool run-out and stochastic tool wear, the cutting edge trajectory for micro milling can be determined by a theoretical and empirical coupled method. At last, the analytical surface generation model is employed to predict the surface topography and surface roughness, along with the concept of the minimum chip thickness and elastic recovery. The micro milling experiment results validate the effectiveness of the presented analytical surface generation model under different machining conditions. The model can be a significant supplement for predicting machined surface prior to the costly micro milling operations, and provide a basis for machining parameters optimization.     

Cutter workpiece engagement region and surface topography prediction in five-axis ball-end milling

Based on the machining tool path and the true trajectory equation of the cutting edge relative to the workpiece, the engagement region between the cutter and workpiece is analyzed and a new model is developed for the numerical simulation of the machined surface topography in a multiaxis ball-end milling process. The influence of machining parameters such as the feed per tooth, the radial depth of cut, the angle orientation tool, the cutter runout, and the tool deflection upon the topography are taken into account in the model. Based on the cutter workpiece engagement, the cutting force model is established. The tool deflections are extracted and used in the surface topography model for simulation. The predicted force profiles were compared to the measured ones. A reasonable agreement between the experimental and the predicted results was found.     

AlTiN涂层刀具精铣TC4钛合金工艺参数的影响与优化

采用AlTiN涂层4刃?10 mm硬质合金立铣刀,在VMC850立式加工中心上对TC4钛合金进行铣削精加工试验。利用高精密数字化检测设备,对加工成形的TC4钛合金试件表面粗糙度、平面度、平行度、表面形貌、残余应力及显微硬度测量。分析AlTiN涂层刀具在设定不同工艺参数条件下TC4钛合金的整体加工质量和表面形貌变化规律。结果表明:在主轴转速n=8000 r/min、每齿进给量f z=0.04 mm/z、切削深度Δd=0.5 mm的最优精铣工艺参数下,TC4钛合金工件的加工质量和表面形貌好,刀具寿命长,其平面度为0.39μm,平行度为0.33μm,表面粗糙度为0.70μm,表面残余应力为-175 MPa,表面显微硬度为269 HV 0.2,实现了TC4钛合金的高质量高效率的精铣加工。     

球头铣刀余摆线加工表面形貌的建模与仿真研究

余摆线铣削因切削力小、表面质量和生产率高,而广泛应用于高速加工中。球头铣刀因适应性好,且姿态可灵活调整,而成为多轴加工复杂表面的常用刀具。然而,球头铣刀齿形复杂,余摆线铣削的运动轨迹方向不断变化,工件的材料去除和表面形貌的创成过程异常复杂,传统方法建模困难。提出一种球头铣刀余摆线加工表面形貌的数值仿真方法,根据齐次坐标矩阵变换原理建立刀齿的运动轨迹方程,通过改进Z-MAP算法完成了加工表面形貌的仿真。该算法通过建立刀齿微元的随动矩形包围圈和瞬时扫掠四边形,使用角度累加法快速地获取刀齿微元在单位时间步长内扫掠到的工件网格点,根据多元函数的泰勒公式,用线性插值的方法求出该网格点的高度坐标。仿真结果表明球头铣刀余摆线铣削的表面形貌整体上优于普通直线铣削。试验结果表明,在垂直和倾斜加工条件下,球头铣刀余摆线铣削获得的表面形貌与仿真结果具有较高的一致性,说明所提出的方法可以预测球头铣刀余摆线的加工表面形貌。     

TC4钛合金深槽插铣加工

针对钛合金深槽开槽加工效率较低的问题,对TC4钛合金深槽进行插铣开槽试验研究,并对其已加工表面形貌、切屑形态、刀具磨损及切削效率进行了分析。结果表明:插铣加工表面粗糙度较大,铣刀的端面刃为主切削刃,刀具磨损主要发生在铣刀的端面刃。对于钛合金深槽的开槽加工,插铣加工切削过程平稳,具有比层铣更高的切削效率。     

钛合金铣削过程刀具前刀面磨损解析建模

钛合金Ti6Al4V作为典型的航空航天难加工材料,在其铣削过程中硬质合金刀具的磨损会降低加工过程稳定性,进而影响加工效率和已加工表面表面质量。刀具前刀面磨损会导致刀具刃口强度降低,并影响切屑的流向和折断情况。针对前刀面磨损机理进行分析并构建了月牙洼磨损深度预测模型。首先运用解析方法构建了前刀面应力场模型,得到切屑在前刀面滑动过程中的刀具前刀面应力分布情况及磨损位置。基于刀-屑接触关系的基础上建立了前刀面温度场模型。然后,基于所得刀具前刀面应力与温度分布,构建综合考虑磨粒磨损、粘结磨损与扩散磨损的铣刀月牙洼磨损深度预测模型,获得月牙洼磨损预测曲线;结合铣刀月牙洼磨损带沿切削刃方向分布的特点,建立了随时间变化的铣刀前刀面磨损体积预测模型。最后通过试验验证了切削宽度对前刀面磨损的影响规律,预测结果与试验测量值具有较好的吻合性。结果表明随着切削宽度的增加,月牙洼磨损深度及前刀面磨损体积都随之增加。研究结果为钛合金铣削用刀具的设计和切削参数的合理选择提供了理论基础。     

Model for the prediction of 3D surface topography in 5-axis milling

The paper deals with the prediction of the 3D surface topography obtained in 5-axis milling in function of the machining conditions. For this purpose, a simulation model for the prediction of machined surface patterns is developed based on the well-known N-buffer method. As in sculptured surface machining the feed rates locally vary, the proposed model can be coupled to a feed-rate prediction model. Thanks to the simulation model of 3D surface topography, the influence of the machining strategy on resulting 3D surface patterns is analyzed through an experimental design. Results enhance the major influence of the tool inclination on 3D topography. Surface parameters used in the study are strongly affected by the variation of the yaw angle. The effect of the feed rate is also significant on amplitude parameters. Finally, the analysis brings out the interest of using surface parameters to characterize 3D surface topography obtained in 5-axis milling.     

有限元仿真在金属切削加工中的应用

有限元仿真是研究金属切削过程和切屑形成过程的有效方法.以铝合金7050为例,详细描述两种金属切削加工的有限元模型:正交切削模型和斜角切削模型,以及有限元模型建立过程中的一些关键技术如:刀屑界面间的摩擦,工件的材料本构模型和切屑分离标准.利用这两种有限元模型可以分别得到加工表面的残余应力分布趋势和切屑的几何形状,也可以预测低刚度结构件的让刀误差.分析表明:有限元仿真可以进行切削参数优化和刀具几何形状的优化,以改善加工表面的质量.     

An Integrated Model of a Fixture-Workpiece System for Surface Quality Prediction

Surface quality is a major factor affecting the performance of a component. The machined surface quality is strongly influenced by the external loads during the fixturing and machining processes. In machining process development, it is highly desirable to predict the quality of a machined surface. For this purpose, an integrated finite element analysis (FEA) model of the entire fixture–workpiece system is developed to investigate the influence of clamping preload and machining force on the surface quality of the machined workpiece. The effects of fixture and machine table compliance (from experimental data), and the workpiece and its locators/clamps contact interaction, and forced vibration, on the machined surface quality are taken into account. This simulation model provides a better understanding of the causes of surface error and a more realistic prediction of the machined surface quality. The deck face of a V-type engine block subjected to fixture clamping and a face milling operation is given as an example. A comparison between the simulation result and experimental data shows a reasonable agreement.