法布里干涉近红外光谱仪定量测定大豆、玉米主要成分

采用Axsun近红外光谱仪采集40个大豆样品、46个玉米样品的近红外光谱,采用PLS算法分别建立大豆粗蛋白质、脂肪含量的定量校正模型和玉米粗蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉含量的定量校正模型。结果表明,大豆粗蛋白质、脂肪定量校正模型的模型维数分别为6、5,决定系数(R~2)分别为97.94%、93.66%,校正均方根误差(RMSEC)分别为0.40、0.36.交互验证均方根误差(RMSECV)分别为0.49、0.44,相对预测性能(RPD)分别为5.18、3.15;玉米粗蛋白质、脂肪和淀粉含量的定量校正模型的模型维数分别为4、4和6,R~2分别为90.15%、95.22%和87.81%,RMSEC分别为0.25、0.12和0.53.RMSECV分别为0.37、0.15和0.72,RPD分别为2.57、3.57和2.42。F检验表明,上述校正模型的预测值与化学值具有极显著的相关关系。研究结果表明,该仪器可以用于大豆、玉米主要成分定量现场快速测定。     

傅立叶变换近红外分析汽油辛烷值模型优化研究

利用傅立叶变换红外谱仪进行汽油样品辛烷值（RON）测定，采用仪器配备的软件进行模型优化，使用11种光谱预处理方法和不同的谱区组合，计算机自动处理优化过程并评价优化数据，50个汽油样品优化后得到最佳结果，光谱预处理方法为一阶导数，谱区范围为6100.4-4999.1cm^-1。得到的内部交互验证相关系数R2＝99．05％和均方差RMSECV＝0.167，优化后的结果说明，该方法完全能满足测试误差要求，从而为近红外模型优化提供参考。     

茶叶咖啡碱含量近红外光谱定量分析模型优化

为了提高茶叶近红外光谱咖啡碱预测模型的精度,利用净分析物预处理法(NAP)对茶叶近红外光谱进行了预处理,将原始光谱矩阵中待测组分的净分析物信号(NAS)提取出来。并用区间偏最小二乘法(iPLS)与遗传算法(GA)相结合的PLS建模波长筛选方法iPLS-GA建立了咖啡碱的预测模型:首先利用iPLS,将整个光谱划分为40个子区间,选择交互验证均方根误差RMSECV值低于全光谱区间的第26和35子区间的组合为信息区间,共166个波数点,然后用GA对这166个波数点进行全局优化组合,最终共有17个波数点用于建立茶叶咖啡碱模型。结果表明,用NAP和iPLS-GA后所建立的茶叶咖啡碱模型的预测相关系数Rp和预测均方根误差RMSEP分别为0.978 7和0.220。该结果均好于其它模型。建模所用数据量从3 320个减少到17个,使模型的建立得到简化。     

微型近红外光谱仪的软件开发与实验

在LabVIEW平台上对MicroNIR-1700微型近红外光谱仪开发了便携式近红外光谱检测系统。利用LabVIEW结合数据库开发的光谱仪测量分析处理程序,实现了光谱仪控制、样品指标测量、样品信息管理和系统使用权维护等功能。光谱的重复性试验和幸水桃的可溶性固形物含量实测试验表明,光谱仪在波长1000~1600nm范围内具有较高的重复性,实测试验中定标模型的校正集和预测集的相关系数r分别为0.902和0.867,均方根误差RMSECV和RMSEP分别为1.091,1.158,系统能满足一般实际应用的需求。     

近红外光谱-BP神经网络-PLS法用于橄榄油掺杂分析

橄榄油兼有食用和保健的作用,它的价值与价格远远高于其它食用油,所以橄榄油中以劣充好的现象十分普遍。本文采用近红外光谱法测定初榨橄榄油中掺杂芝麻油、大豆油和葵花籽油的光谱数据,运用改进的BP算法——Levenberg-Marquardt方法,建立PCA-BP人工神经网络方法对其进行定性判别。同时采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立了初榨橄榄油中芝麻油、大豆油、葵花籽油含量的近红外光谱定标模型,用交互验证法进行验证。结果表明,BP人工神经网络有很好的定性鉴别能力,PLS建立的芝麻油、大豆油、葵花籽油定标模型的相关系数分别为R=98.77、99.37、99.44,交叉验证的均方根误差分别为1.3、1.1、1.04。该方法无损、快速、简便,为橄榄油掺杂的检测提供了一种新的方法。     

人参成份的近红外光谱定量分析

人参是我国东北三宝之首,具有较高的药用价值。目前对其主要成份人参总糖、皂苷等成份检测多采用繁琐的化学分析方法,耗时、成本高,同时不可避免的对样品造成损耗。采用近红外光谱分析技术对29份人参粉末样品成份进行快速、无损定量分析,获得了较高的分析精度。建立总糖、总皂苷、水分模型的预测值与化学标准值相关系数(R)分别为0.93、0.90、0.96,交叉检验标准差(RMSECV)分别为1.78、0.28、0.45。进一步深入研究有望实现珍贵的野山参样品营养成份近红外光谱无损检测。     

单质子化蛋白质肽段结构表达及其离子迁移谱碰撞截面定量预测

基于分子二维图形特征提出一种新型结构参数化方法：分子电性作用矢量(MEI)；应用于考察107个单质子化肽段样本集结构表征及离子迁移谱碰撞截面模拟和预测及严格检验，所得3个模型回归建模及留一法交叉验证复相关系数(R和Q)分别为：R=R cu=0.983, 0.981, 0.980和Q=R cv=0.979, 0.979, 0.978。MEI对复杂有机分子结构表达准确且性质预测良好。     

特征谱区筛选在近红外光谱检测茶叶游离氨基酸含量中的应用研究

在近红外光谱快速检测茶叶游离氨基酸含量过程中,为了提高检测的精度和稳定性,研究利用特征谱区结合偏最小二乘法建立预测模型。研究分别尝试联合区间偏最小二乘法和遗传偏最小二乘法等特征谱区筛选方法,通过交互验证法确定偏最小二乘模型的主成分因子数和筛选区间,以预测均方根误差RMSEP和相关系数R作为模型的评价指标。试验结果表明：两种方法建立模型的预测能力都好于传统PLS模型;利用联合区间偏最小二乘法建立的预测模型最佳,预测时的相关系数(R)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.9542和0.2560。研究结果表明,近红外光谱结合特征谱区筛选方法可以快速准确地测定茶叶中游离氨基酸含量。     

近红外技术快速测定裂解焦油芳烃含量

针对常用的气相色谱(GC)分析法进行焦油芳烃检测分析周期较长的问题,本文用傅里叶变换型近红外光谱仪及相关软件对石脑油蒸汽裂解焦油芳烃的含量进行了测定和实验研究。考虑焦油样品颜色差异大、芳烃含量变化大,实验通过对样品管改进、异常值判断、建模波段及光谱预处理方法优选等优化了碳六、碳七、碳八、碳九、碳十及总芳烃含量6组预测模型性能,建立了石脑油蒸汽裂解焦油样品中芳烃含量的快速分析方法,使得单个样品的分析时间缩短到2min以内。优化后6组模型的相关系数(R)分别为0.995 20,0.993 08,0.946 33,0.978 99,0.948 46,0.998 63,交叉验证均方差(RMSECV)分别为1.07,0.806,2.17,0.979,0.665,1.15。未知样6组芳烃含量的近红外光谱及气相色谱(GC)分析数据吻合良好,t-检验绝对值均小于其临界t值(t0.05(17)=2.11)。另外,近红外分析数据相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于2%,显示提出的方法具有较好的重复性。     

特征谱区筛选在近红外光谱检测茶叶游离氨基酸含量中的应用

为了提高近红外光谱快速检测茶叶游离氨基酸含量的精度和稳定性,利用特征谱区结合偏最小二乘法建立了预测模型.研究了利用联合区间偏最小二乘法和遗传偏最小二乘法等筛选特征谱区的方法,通过交互验证法确定偏最小二乘模型的主成分因子数和筛选区间,并以预测均方根误差(RMSEP)和相关系数R作为模型的评价指标.实验结果表明:两种方法建立模型的预测能力都好于传统PLS模型;利用联合区间偏最小二乘法建立的预测模型最佳,预测的相关系数R和RMSEP分别为0.954 2和0.256 0.研究结果表明,近红外光谱结合特征谱区筛选方法可以快速准确地测定茶叶中游离氨基酸含量.     

Preservation, development, and hatching of resting eggs in the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus pallas

The resting eggs of Brachionus calyciflorus produced under laboratory by manipulating various environmental conditions were subjected to preservation for long-term storage. Preservation strategies included as storing freshly collected resting eggs, dry resting eggs, and storing at 4°C. Results showed that the resting eggs preserved by drying as they were able to maintain the viability without much variation in the hatchability. The scanning electron micrographs clearly depicted the surface damage as well as change in the shape and surface topography due to the storage. The resting eggs thus stored were traced for their normal embryonic development, during which as many as 11 stages were traced and time taken for each stage of development was observed. Microscopic observations revealed that the first four stages represented the development of embryo and thereafter around 16-18 h extrution of neonate from egg occurred. At 18-19 h of development the characteristic of anterior and posterior spines appeared in the neonate. Just released neonate, after 4-5 h of development reached adult stage. Overall the hatching and embryonic development of the resting eggs preserved by "drying" were normal and hence this method could be adopted for long-term storage.     

Specifying the Freshness of Eggs Using Microwave Sensors*

This paper introduces a microwave measurement setup, using three microstrip antennas integrated with a microwave oscillator, and Schottky-diode detectors used as bistatic microwave sensors. We have measured the microwave attenuation (water content) and the bistatic radar cross section (dimensions) of eggs having different storage times (Fig. 1). The measured attenuation (A) for fresh egg, at a frequency of 14.2 GHz is A=8–10 dB; the variation with time is dA [dB]=–0.033T (days), thus nearly –1 dB/30 days. Our next project is to create a microwave device for the automatic selection of old eggs. The basic experimental design and the results of our measurements are discussed.     

土壤有机质近红外光谱分析组合波长的优选

以分析85份吉林省北部黑质土壤样品有机质含量为例,研究了利用多元散射校正和相关光谱法对定标波长的优选,并根据经验和参考波长理论对所建立的模型进行逐步优化。最终得到定量模型的相关系数为0.90,定标标准差(RMSEC)为0.36%,交叉检验标准差(RMSECV)为0.40%,该结果与采用偏最小二乘算法(PLS)对土壤连续谱进行定标的结果相当。结果表明,利用该方法建立的模型简单、稳定,可以为吉林省北部黑土质土壤养分状况普查和便携仪器的研制提供参考。     

利用最小二乘支持向量机实现无线传感器网络的目标定位

针对接收信号强度值(RSSI)的波动直接影响无线传感器网络(WSN)目标定位准确度的问题,研究了利用最小二乘支持向量回归机(LSSVR)实现WSN的目标定位的基本原理,分析了固定探测节点和探测节点变化时的LSSVR建模定位特性,提出了基于自适应LSSVR回归建模实现WSN目标定位的方法(TL-AML)。该方法综合考虑目标定位准确度和实时性,初始时刻首先建立LSSVR回归模型来定位目标,根据后面任一时刻探测节点与前一时刻回归模型建模节点的包含关系决定是否重新建模,实现自适应建模定位过程。基于CC2430无线传感网络实验平台,进行了相关TL-AML方法性能实验,通过合理选取建模参数,TL-AML方法的目标定位均方根误差(RMSE)比MLE方法减小34%～37%,比LSE方法减小60%～65%。建模参数在较大范围内取值时,TL-AML方法目标定位准确度比MLE和LSE方法有明显提高。在LSSVR建模情况下,TL-AML方法目标定位耗时0.2～0.4s,无需重复建模时,目标定位耗时减少到0.04s。实验结果表明,TL-AML方法能够显著减小RSSI波动对目标定位结果的影响,提高目标定位准确度,减少目标定位时间,且具有较好的目标定位实时性。     

The structure and ultrastructure of the egg capsules of stoneflies of the genus Isoperla (Insecta,Plecoptera, Perlodidae)

The egg capsules of five systellognathan stoneflies species representing the genus Isoperla (Plecoptera, Perlodidae) have been investigated using light and electron microscopes (SEM and TEM). We consider the structural modifications of egg coverings (egg capsules, eggshells) like: a shape of a capsule, presence of structures fixing an egg to the substratum under water, intrachorionic aeropylar system facilitating gas exchange as a factor adapting an egg/embryo to the environment. The structures protecting eggs against desiccation during a female flight before oviposition into water as well as against the dangers of external mechanical injury caused by turbulences in rapid water currents of mountain streams are described and discussed. The ground plan of the egg capsule in arctoperlarian stoneflies is also discussed.     

同心套管双程流相变蓄热单元蓄放热特性研究

采用JDJN-60型相变材料,设计并制作了同心套管双程流相变蓄热单元,利用试验手段对蓄热单元在不同工况下的蓄放热性能进行了研究,分析了传热流体进口温度和流量变化对蓄放热过程的影响。研究结果表明:随着传热流体进口温度的提高,蓄热时间不断减少,但流量增加对蓄热过程影响不大。初步掌握了蓄热单元的蓄放热特性,为其工程应用提供参考依据。     

Multiple intracellular signals coordinate structural dynamics in the sea urchin egg cortex at fertilization

Fertilization of the sea urchin egg is accompanied by a sequence of structural changes in the egg cortex that include exocytosis, endocytosis, and microvillar growth. This architectural reorganization is coordinated by two intracellular signals: a rapid, transient rise in cyto-solic free calcium and a slower, longer lasting increase in cytoplasmic pH. In this report we provide ultrastructural views of these events in quick-frozen eggs and discuss their relationship to the calcium and pH signals.     

ICP-MS顺次分析鸡蛋壳中微量元素

本研究基于顺次电离质谱分析技术,发展了一种直接质谱分析方法分析鸡蛋蛋壳中微量元素。在仅需少量样品预处理的条件下,分别用水和5%稀硝酸作为洗脱液,对鸡蛋壳中水溶性微量元素组分和酸溶性微量元素组分进行顺次提取,然后在线传输至ICP-MS进行分析。该方法可在10 min内实现单个样品中15种微量元素水溶性组分和酸溶性组分的顺次分析,具有仅需少量样品预处理、分析速度快、样品消耗量小等优点。采用顺次电离质谱分析方法考察了赣州土鸡蛋、赣州营养鸡蛋、赣州草鸡蛋、毛庵村毛氏土鸡蛋、吉安泰和土鸡蛋的蛋壳小头、中部和大头3个部位上15种微量元素的水溶性和酸溶性组分信息。结果表明,鸡蛋蛋壳上微量元素的含量、形态和分布可构成一个完整的“指纹谱”,不同种类鸡蛋壳的微量元素“指纹谱”具有显著区别,该“指纹谱”在鉴别鸡蛋种类、判定鸡蛋质量方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

Morphology of the fertilizable mature egg in the Acanthopagrus latus,A. schlegeli and Sparus sarba (Teleostei: perciformes: sparidae)

Through appropriate scanning electron microscope (SEM) processing, the shape and the surface structures of just‐mature eggs are preserved integrally for observation and measuring to guarantee accurate comparison and prediction on the phylogenetic relationships among three species of teleost, i.e. Acanthopagrus latus, Acanthopagrus schlegeli and Sparus sarba of Sparidae. Eggs in all three species can be categorized as type III eggs. Specifically, a regular pattern is found in the arrangement of micropyle and its surrounding pore canals from the inspected surface structures of the mature eggs in three species. Other than these similarities in egg surface structures, several differences in micropyle structures, micropyle region and size of pore canals are also observed in eggs of respective species. Comprehension and accurate data are statistically computed and analyzed through hierarchical cluster analysis to provide solid species‐specific evidences and standardized empirical reference for accurate species identification and phylogeny determination.