钢筋混凝土框架近断层速度脉冲地震响应分析

针对滚动轴承的故障诊断问题，提出了一种基于栈式稀疏自编码网络(stacked sparse auto encoder，简称SSAE)、改进灰狼智能优化算法(improved grey wolf optimization，简称IGWO)以及支持向量机(support vector machine，简称SVM)的混合智能故障诊断模型。首先，利用栈式自编码网络强大的特征自提取能力，实现故障信号深层频谱特征的自适应学习，通过引入稀疏项约束提高特征学习的泛化性能；其次，利用改进的灰狼算法实现支持向量机的参数优化；最后，基于优化后的SVM完成对故障特征向量的分类识别。所提混合智能故障诊断模型充分结合了深度神经网络强大的特征自学习能力和支持向量机优秀的小样本分类性能，避免了手工特征提取的弊端，可对不同故障类型的振动信号实现更精准的识别。多组对比实验表明，相比传统方法，笔者所提出的模型具有更优秀的故障识别能力，诊断准确率可达98%以上。     

Signal-Based Intelligent Hydraulic Fault Diagnosis Methods: Review and Prospects

Hydraulic systems have the characteristics of strong fault concealment,powerful nonlinear time-varying signals,and a complex vibration transmission mechanism;hence,diagnosis of these systems is a challenge.To provide accurate diagnosis results automatically,numerous studies have been carried out.Among them,signal-based methods are commonly used,which employ signal processing techniques based on the state signal used for extracting features,and further input the features into the classifier for fault recognition.However,their main deficiencies include the following:(1)The features are manually designed and thus may have a lack of objectivity.(2) For signal processing,feature extraction and pattern recognition are conducted using independent models,which cannot be jointly optimized globally.(3) The machine learning algorithms adopted by these methods have a shallow architecture,which limits their capacity to deeply mine the essential features of a fault.As a breakthrough in artificial intelligence,deep learning holds the potential to overcome such deficiencies.Based on deep learning,deep neural networks(DNNs) can automatically learn the complex nonlinear relations implied in a signal,can be globally optimized,and can obtain the high-level features of multi-dimensional data.In this paper,the main technology used in an intelligent fault diagnosis and the current research status of hydraulic system fault diagnosis are summarized and analyzed.The significant prospect of applying deep learning in the field of intelligent fault diagnosis is presented,and the main ideas,methods,and principles of several typical DNNs are described and summarized.The commonality between a fault diagnosis and other issues regarding typical pattern recognition are analyzed,and research ideas for applying DNNs for hydraulic fault diagnosis are proposed.Meanwhile,the research advantages and development trend of DNNs(both domestically and overseas) as applied to an intelligent fault diagnosis are reviewed.Furthermore,the fault characteristics of a complex hydraulic system are summarized and discussed,and the key problems and possible research ideas of applying DNNs to an intelligent hydraulic fault diagnosis are presented and comprehensively analyzed.     

基于稀疏自动编码深度神经网络的感应电动机故障诊断

针对目前感应电动机故障诊断大多采用监督学习提取故障特征的现状,提出一种将去噪编码融入稀疏自动编码器的深度神经网络,实现非监督学习的特征提取并用于感应电动机的故障诊断。稀疏自动编码器通过自动学习复杂数据的内在特征来提取简明的数据特征表达。为提高特征表达的鲁棒性,在稀疏编码器的基础上融入去噪编码,提取更有效的特征表达用来训练神经网络分类器进而完成整个深度神经网络的构建,并结合反向传播算法对深度神经网络进行整体微调,提升故障分类的准确度。整个训练过程引入"dropout"训练技巧,减少因过拟合带来的预测误差。试验结果表明,相比传统反向传播(Back propagation,BP)神经网络,提出的深度神经网络能更有效地实现感应电动机故障诊断。     

A sparse auto-encoder-based deep neural network approach for induction motor faults classification

This paper presents a deep neural network (DNN) approach for induction motor fault diagnosis. The approach utilizes sparse auto-encoder (SAE) to learn features, which belongs to unsupervised feature learning that only requires unlabeled measurement data. With the help of the denoising coding, partial corruption is added into the input of the SAE to improve robustness of feature representation. Features learned from the SAE are then used to train a neural network classifier for identifying induction motor faults. In addition, to prevent overfitting during the training process, a recently developed regularization method called “dropout” which has been proved to be very effective in neural network was employed. An experiment performed on a machine fault simulator indicates that compared with traditional neural network, the SAE-based DNN can achieve superior performance for feature learning and classification in the field of induction motor fault diagnosis.     

An Intelligent Fault Diagnosis Method of Multi-Scale Deep Feature Fusion Based on Information Entropy

For a single-structure deep learning fault diagnosis model,its disadvantages are an insufficient feature extraction and weak fault classification capability.This paper proposes a multi-scale deep feature fusion intelligent fault diagnosis method based on information entropy.First,a normal autoencoder,denoising autoencoder,sparse autoencoder,and contractive autoencoder are used in parallel to construct a multi-scale deep neural network feature extrac-tion structure.A deep feature fusion strategy based on information entropy is proposed to obtain low-dimensional features and ensure the robustness of the model and the quality of deep features.Finally,the advantage of the deep belief network probability model is used as the fault classifier to identify the faults.The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by a gearbox test-bed.Experimental results show that,compared with traditional and existing intelligent fault diagnosis methods,the proposed method can obtain representative information and features from the raw data with higher classification accuracy.     

一种改进CNN在轴承故障诊断中的应用

针对轴承智能故障诊断过程中的特征自适应提取和在变工况下诊断能力差的问题,提出了一种基于特征通道权重调整的“端对端”一维卷积神经网络(Squeeze-Excitation Convolutional Neural Network,SECNN)滚动轴承故障诊断模型。首先采用一维卷积神经网络自适应地从原始振动信号中提取特征进行分类;然后通过增加特征通道权重模块来获取通道全局信息,学习特征通道之间的依赖关系;再据此对特征通道权重进行调整,增强滚动轴承故障诊断模型在变工况下的特征自适应提取能力。通过轴承实验台数据的验证结果表明:SECNN在多个变载荷工况下的故障诊断准确率均值达到97%,相比于传统方法提高了20%左右。同时利用t-SNE技术可视化特征提取过程,进一步验证了所提取的诊断模型的有效性。     

基于DBN的故障特征提取及诊断方法研究

随着装备日趋复杂化,依靠专家经验或信号处理技术人工提取和选择故障特征变得越来越困难。此外,以BP神经网络、SVM为代表的浅层模型难以表征被测信号与装备健康状况之间复杂的映射关系,且面临维数灾难等问题。结合深度置信网络(DBN)在提取特征和处理高维、非线性数据等方面的优势,提出一种基于深度置信网络的故障特征提取及诊断方法。该方法通过深度学习利用原始时域信号训练深度置信网络并完成智能诊断,其优势在于能够摆脱对大量信号处理技术与诊断经验的依赖,完成故障特征的自适应提取与健康状况的智能诊断,该方法对时域信号没有周期性要求,具有较强的通用性和适应性。在仿真数据集和轴承数据集上进行了故障特征提取和诊断实验,实验结果表明:本文提出的方法能够有效地从原始信号中进行多种工况、多种故障位置和多种故障程度的故障特征提取和诊断,并且具有较高的故障识别精度。     

Connected Components-based Colour Image Representations of Vibrations for a Two-stage Fault Diagnosis of Roller Bearings Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Roller bearing failure is one of the most common faults in rotating machines.Various techniques for bearing fault diagnosis based on faults feature extraction have been proposed.But feature extraction from fault signals requires expert prior information and human labour.Recently,deep learning algorithms have been applied extensively in the condition monitoring of rotating machines to learn features automatically from the input data.Given its robust per-formance in image recognition,the convolutional neural network(CNN)architecture has been widely used to learn automatically discriminative features from vibration images and classify health conditions.This paper proposes and evaluates a two-stage method RGBVI-CNN for roller bearings fault diagnosis.The first stage in the proposed method is to generate the RGB vibration images(RGBVIs)from the input vibration signals.To begin this process,first,the 1-D vibration signals were converted to 2-D grayscale vibration Images.Once the conversion was completed,the regions of interest(ROI)were found in the converted 2-D grayscale vibration images.Finally,to produce vibration images with more discriminative characteristics,an algorithm was applied to the 2-D grayscale vibration images to produce connected components-based RGB vibration images(RGBVIs)with sets of colours and texture features.In the second stage,with these RGBVIs a CNN-based architecture was employed to learn automatically features from the RGBVIs and to classify bearing health conditions.Two cases of fault classification of rolling element bearings are used to validate the proposed method.Experimental results of this investigation demonstrate that RGBVI-CNN can generate advan-tageous health condition features from bearing vibration signals and classify the health conditions under different working loads with high accuracy.Moreover,several classification models trained using RGBVI-CNN offered high performance in the testing results of the overall classification accuracy,precision,recall,and F-score.     

Machinery fault diagnosis using supervised manifold learning

Fault diagnosis is essentially a kind of pattern recognition. How to implement feature extraction and improve recognition performance is a crucial task. In this paper, a new supervised manifold learning algorithm (S-LapEig) for feature extraction is proposed first. Via combining preserving the consistency of local neighbor information and class labels information, S-LapEig can not only gain a perfect approximation of low-dimensional intrinsic geometric structure within the high-dimensional observation data, but also enhance local within-class relations. Based on S-LapEig, a novel fault diagnosis approach is proposed. The approach extracts the intrinsic manifold features from high-dimensional fault data by directly learning the data, and translates complex mode space into a low-dimensional feature space, in which pattern classification and fault diagnosis are carried out easily. Comparing with other feature extraction methods such as PCA, LDA and Laplacian eigenmaps, the proposed method obviously improves the classification performance of fault pattern recognition. The experiments on benchmark data and engineering instance demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the new approach.     

A fault diagnosis scheme for rotating machinery using hierarchical symbolic analysis and convolutional neural network

Fault diagnosis of rotating machinery is crucial to improve safety, enhance reliability and reduce maintenance cost. The manual feature extraction and selection of traditional fault diagnosis methods depend on signal processing skills and expert experience, which is labor-intensive and time-consuming. As a typical intelligent fault diagnosis method, the convolutional neural network automatically learns features from original data, but it is extremely difficult to design and train a deep network architecture. This paper proposes a fault diagnosis scheme combined of hierarchical symbolic analysis (HSA) and convolutional neural network (CNN), which achieves laborsaving and timesaving preliminary feature extraction and accomplishes automatically feature learning with simplified network architecture. Firstly, hierarchical symbolic analysis is employed to extract features from original signals. The extracted features are able to identify different health conditions under various operating conditions. Then, convolutional neural network instead of human labor is used to learn the complex non-linear relationship between features and health conditions automatically. The architecture of CNN diagnosis model is simple and convenient to implement. Finally, a centrifugal pump dataset and a motor bearing dataset are adopted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The diagnosis results show that the proposed method exhibits superior performance compared with shallow methods and deep learning methods.     

电机故障诊断支持向量机

基于数据的机器学习是现代智能技术中的重要方面。统计学习理论(Statistical learnmgtheory SLT)是研究小样本情况下机器学习规律的新理论。支持向量机(Support vector machine SVM)是在这一理论体系基础上发展起来的一种通用学习方法。SLT和SVM正成为继神经网络研究之后新的研究热点。通过对鼠笼式异步电动机转子断条故障进行实验模拟，对实验获取的采样电流信号经FFT分析，构造以低频到高频的频谱特性为分量的学习样本向量，通过支持向量机SVM对故障电流样本的训练，使SVM具有分类功能。最后，采用SVM对电动机各种转子断条故障进行诊断分类，取得较满意的结果，说明支持向量机SVM是进行故障诊断的一种新方法。     

基于深度学习特征提取和粒子群支持向量机状态识别的齿轮智能故障诊断

针对齿轮故障诊断问题,利用数理统计特征提取方法、深度学习神经网络、粒子群算法和支持向量机等技术,提出了一种基于深度学习特征提取和粒子群支持向量机状态识别相结合的智能诊断模型。该模型利用深度学习自适应提取的频谱特征与数理统计方法提取的时域特征相结合组成联合特征向量,然后利用粒子群支持向量机对联合特征向量进行故障诊断。该模型在对多级齿轮传动系统试验台的故障诊断中实现了中速轴大齿轮不同故障类型的可靠识别,获得了满意的诊断结果。应用结果也验证了基于深度学习自适应提取频谱特征的有效性。     

齿轮箱故障边缘智能诊断方法及应用研究

针对齿轮箱运行状态监测数据量大而数据价值密度低导致的数据传输和存储困难、受到带宽影响导致的故障辨识实时 性差以及大而深的深度学习模型难以有效部署至边缘端硬件等问题,本文提出了一种基于乘法-卷积网络(MCN)的齿轮箱故 障边缘智能诊断方法。 首先,综合考虑信号滤波在特征表征以及深度学习在特征提取的优势,设计了一种轻量化的 MCN 模型, 同时在嵌入式微处理器搭建了一套端侧边缘智能处理原型与系统。 该系统可以直接部署于齿轮箱边缘,通过云服务器训练和 更新 MCN 模型参数并部署至边缘端,于边缘端完成数据采集、处理和故障状态辨识等功能,将大量传感器数据直接消耗在边缘 端。 实验结果显示 MCN 具有 99. 75% 的平均识别精度,且部署 MCN 的齿轮箱故障边缘智能诊断系统可以在 0. 696 s 内准确识 别出故障状态。     

多尺度能量熵与优化极限学习机的航空液压管路故障诊断方法

针对航空液压管路故障特征难以提取问题,考虑到航空液压系统中振动信号存在非平稳性以及非线性等特点,提出了一种基于局部均值分解(Local Mean Decomposition,LMD)的多尺度能量熵(Multi-scale Energy Entropy,MEE)和麻雀搜索算法(Sparrow Search Algorithm,SSA)优化极限学习机(Extreme Learning Machine,ELM)的航空液压管路故障诊断方法。首先,采用局域均值分解方法将采集的振动信号自适应分解;其次,综合考虑相关系数-能量比准则,选取最佳PF分量;最后,计算最佳分量的多尺度能量熵,选取合适的尺度因子并将其对应的能量熵值作为特征向量,输入到麻雀搜索算法优化的极限学习机网络模型进行学习训练,实现对航空液压管路的故障进行分类识别。结果表明:该方法能够有效地实现对航空液压管路故障类型的准确识别,为区分航空液压管路故障提供了一种可行的诊断思路。     

Intelligent Fault Diagnosis of Rotary Machinery Based on Unsupervised Multiscale Representation Learning

The performance of traditional vibration based fault diagnosis methods greatly depends on those handcrafted features extracted using signal processing algorithms, which require significant amounts of domain knowledge and human labor, and do not generalize well to new diagnosis domains. Recently, unsupervised representation learning provides an alternative promising solution to feature extraction in traditional fault diagnosis due to its superior learning ability from unlabeled data. Given that vibration signals usually contain multiple temporal structures, this paper proposes a multiscale representation learning (MSRL) framework to learn useful features directly from raw vibration signals, with the aim to capture rich and complementary fault pattern information at different scales. In our proposed approach, a coarse-grained procedure is first employed to obtain multiple scale signals from an original vibration signal. Then, sparse filtering, a newly developed unsupervised learning algorithm, is applied to automatically learn useful features from each scale signal, respectively, and then the learned features at each scale to be concatenated one by one to obtain multiscale representations. Finally, the multiscale representations are fed into a supervised classifier to achieve diagnosis results. Our proposed approach is evaluated using two different case studies: motor bearing and wind turbine gearbox fault diagnosis. Experimental results show that the proposed MSRL approach can take full advantages of the availability of unlabeled data to learn discriminative features and achieved better performance with higher accuracy and stability compared to the traditional approaches.     

深度学习融合模型在机械故障诊断中的应用

为了解决浅层学习与传统深度学习模型因机械装备结构复杂、工作环境噪声和大数据等因素引起的诊断困难问题,提出了一种基于降噪自编码器和深度信念网络的融合模型,来实现高效准确的故障诊断。首先,降噪自编码器用于处理原始信号的随机噪声并学习低层特征;其次,深度信念网络用基于所学习的低层特征来学习深层特征;最后,将深度特征输入粒子群支持向量机中,对诊断模型进行训练。所提出的方法被应用于滚动轴承的故障诊断,结果表明与现有方法相比,该方法更加有效和鲁棒。     

基于TL-LSTM的轴承故障声发射信号识别研究

针对多工况下滚动轴承故障声发射信号智能识别问题,提出了一种长短时记忆网络(LSTM)与迁移学习(TL)相结合的故障识别新方法。该方法仅以单一工况下原始声发射信号参数作为训练样本,构建LSTM模型充分挖掘出声发射信号与故障之间的深层次映射关系,以识别与训练工况具有相近分布特征的其他工况下故障;引入并结合TL来应对相异分布特征的其它工况下故障识别问题,从而可完成多种类型工况下故障特征的自适应提取与智能识别。实验结果表明,对于转速、采集位置或滚动轴承型号工况改变时内圈、外圈及保持架故障的识别均具有较高的准确率,可端对端的实现多种类型工况下故障的实时在线智能监测任务,摆脱了对先验故障数据的过分依赖,验证了该方法的可行性与优越性。     

Diesel Engine Valve Clearance Fault Diagnosis Based on Features Extraction Techniques and FastICA-SVM

Numerous vibration-based techniques are rarely used in diesel engines fault diagnosis in a direct way, due to the surface vibration signals of diesel engines with the complex non-stationary and nonlinear time-varying features. To investigate the fault diagnosis of diesel engines,fractal correlation dimension, wavelet energy and entropy as features reflecting the diesel engine fault fractal and energy characteristics are extracted from the decomposed signals through analyzing vibration acceleration signals derived from the cylinder head in seven different states of valve train. An intelligent fault detector FastICA-SVM is applied for diesel engine fault diagnosis and classification.The results demonstrate that FastICA-SVM achieves higher classification accuracy and makes better generalization performance in small samples recognition. Besides,the fractal correlation dimension and wavelet energy and entropy as the special features of diesel engine vibration signal are considered as input vectors of classifier Fast ICASVM and could produce the excellent classification results.The proposed methodology improves the accuracy of feature extraction and the fault diagnosis of diesel engines.     

基于XGBoost特征提取的数据驱动故障诊断方法

针对目前用于故障诊断领域的机器学习方法尚不能够充分挖掘数据中隐含故障特征信息，存在逼近精度不足的问题，提出一种基于XGBoost算法的隐含特征信息提取方法。根据故障数据与故障类型自定义XGBoost算法的损失函数，迭代构建故障分裂树；提取样本在故障树中的叶子节点位置索引向量并进行特征编码重构，得到隐含故障信息的智能化表征；基于该表征矩阵，使用SVM等机器学习算法建立故障诊断模型，实现多故障模式的识别诊断；最后，以某驱动器的故障诊断为例对方法进行了验证，结果表明：与原始特征下的故障诊断模型相比，基于XGBoost算法提取隐含特征下的诊断模型准确度更高，鲁棒性更好，同时能给出特征变量的重要性排序。     

一种基于EMD与多特征支持向量机(SVM)故障诊断方法

针对齿轮箱故障振动信号的不平稳非线性冲击行为,本文提出了一种基于经验模态分解的特征值提取及多特征支持向量机的智能诊断方法。在电机频率分别取30 Hz、35 Hz、40 Hz;载荷分别取0 N∙M、15 N∙M、30 N∙M;采样频率为1500 Hz条件下,进行齿轮正常状态、齿面磨损和齿轮裂痕故障模拟实验。试验结果表明:该创新方法在有限样本数据分析中可以准确、有效地对齿轮箱的工作状态和故障类型进行分类,且支持向量机在故障诊断中使用方便,可以提高诊断的精确性,在齿轮箱故障诊断或类似振动信号的检测应用中具有很强的实用性。