基于超声造影剂谐波图像的流场测量技术

本文研究了基于超声造影剂的血流运动场估计与显示技术,通过在血液中注入超声造影剂作为示踪粒子,对造影谐波图像进行时域相关处理,可得到成像部位的二维流场分布图。相对于常规Ｄｏｐｐｌｅｒ方法中用Ｄｏｐｐｌｅｒ回波信号的频偏计算流速值,该技术可直接从超声图像提取与夹角无关的流速矢量信息。本文通过流动模型验证该方法,浸入超声水槽中的乳胶管中流动着血液替代品,沿水流方向进行超声成像,对实验所得的造影后的Ｂ超图像以及谐波图像,用一种节省计算量的多尺度相关算法进行处理,并相互比较。结果显示,谐波图像相对Ｂ超基波图像具有更高的信杂比,从根本上解决了基波图像低信噪比对时域相关测量精度的限制,可以得到与夹角无关的二维血流场分布图,该方法是医学和有关工业领域中超声流场测量的一种有效的方法。     

基于超超声造影剂谐波图像的流场测量技术

本文研究了基于超声造影剂的血流运动场估计与显示技术,通过在血液中注入超声造影剂作为示踪粒子,对造影谐波图像进行时域相关处理,可得到成像部位的二维流场分布图。     

脉冲多普勒超声血流定量测量的误差分析及新技术展望

脉冲多普勒超声作为一种临床辅助诊断技术,广泛应用于血流的定量测量。但由于该技术直接得到的是沿超声传播方向的速度分量,实际测量时需要角度校正,因此容易产生误差。本文根据脉冲多普勒的计算方法和实现原理,从超声系统、算法和临床操作等多个方面详细阐述了脉冲多普勒超声定量测量可能产生的误差。重点对角度校正产生的误差做了详细的定量分析,并结合超声血流成像中的最大可测量速度、成像深度、发射信号的中心频率等多个相关参数,提出了避免或者减少误差的方法。最后指出一种可以避免这类误差但还未在临床上广泛使用的新技术,即超声向量血流成像。文章描述了这种新技术与传统脉冲多普勒的区别,介绍了新技术对于非层流定量测量的优势,并从临床的角度对向量血流成像当前问题和未来发展给出的意见和建议。     

一种测量非线性失真的数字处理技术

目前最常用的非线性失真的测量方法有基波抑制法和谐波分析法两种,都属于模拟式处理技术。用基波抑制法测量非线性失真时,基波抑制网络的阻带带宽会影响测量结果,宽阻带仪器的测量结果可能偏小。用谐波分析法测量非线性失真时,频谱分析仪对于低频信号的非线性失真测量的准确度不高。因此,提出了一种测量非线性失真的数字处理技术,该技术可以提高测量准确度,减小测量误差,改善测量参数的稳定性,抑制噪声干扰和谐波失真。     

基于三角基函数分解的高精度介损角测量方法

为精确测量介损角,克服数字化测量时存在的非同步采样、基波频率波动、谐波变化等因素影响,提出并建立基于三角基函数分解的介损角测量模型,将电力谐波各参数作为未知量,基于最小二乘原理对采样数据进行最速下降迭代求解,准确提取基波电压、电流相位,进而得出介损角,排除直流和谐波分量干扰。从理论上证明该算法的收敛性,针对基波频率波动、介损角真值改变、谐波含量变化、白噪声影响等影响进行仿真实验,结果表明该测量方法使用极少采样点与较低采样率,即可获得较高的测量准确度,测量速度快。设计的基于数据采集卡与虚拟仪器技术的高压电容型设备绝缘在线监测系统,验证了该方法的可行性与有效性。     

一种高精度四点式电力信号测频新方法

提出了一种基于预相关处理的四点式频率测量方法.利用预相关运算降低谐波和噪声对电力信号的干扰,然后采用四点式频率估计方法消除传统三点式估计方法在某些时刻误差过大的问题.对不同A/D量化位数、基波初相角、信噪比、采样点数、谐波含量的仿真结果和对不同信噪比和谐波含量的实际测量结果表明该方法能有效地对有谐波干扰的、信噪比较低的信号进行准确地频率测量.在成本敏感的情况下,采用多重相关器,省略信号前置滤波器,避免滤波器带来的附加误差,提高测频精度.     

医学超声内窥镜下的脉冲多普勒血流检测

多普勒超声技术在医学超声成像系统中的应用进一步扩大超声诊断的范围。本文提出一种在超声内窥镜成像系统中用于血流参数定量分析脉冲多普勒信号处理方案,经过编码激励与脉冲压缩、正交解调、低通滤波、FFT等最终显示血流速度频谱图。文中给出电路和仿真结果,输出结果正确,已可以实现对多普勒频率的测量。     

生物医学电阻抗成像技术

医学超声造影是一种能显著增强医学超声检测信号的新的医学超声成像方式。本文从造影剂的产生、发展、结构特点及应用领域等进行了简要的叙述,重点介绍了针对造影剂的信号分析,成像方法,纳米级造影剂的研究进展及临床应用前景,为人们全面了解超声造影技术提供了参考与借鉴。     

医学超声造影研究现状与进展

医学超声造影是一种能显著增强医学超声检测信号的新的医学超声成像方式。本文从造影剂的产生﹑发展﹑结构特点及应用领域等进行了简要的叙述,重点介绍了针对造影剂的信号分析,成像方法,纳米级造影剂的研究进展及临床应用前景,为人们全面了解超声造影技术提供了参考与借鉴。     

利用DFT技术实现同频率周期信号相位差的高精度测量

本文提出了一种利用离散傅立叶变换(DFT)技术实现两频率相同的周期信号相位差高精度测量的方法。即使存在高次谐波的严重干扰,亦能精确测得两信号的基波相位差。采用同步采样技术,根本消除了DFT的泄漏效应。文中给出了实验结果及分析。本文提出的这种测量方法,特别适合于被测信号被高次谐波噪声严重污染的实际工业测试场合。     

A frequency domain method for the measurement of nonlinearity in heterodyne interferometry

This paper presents a method for the measurement of nonlinearity in heterodyne interferometry which utilizes the frequency spectrum of the output of the photodetector for the direct measurement of the magnitudes of the first and second harmonic nonlinearities. The underlying theory and the experimental technique are discussed. Results showing the application of this technique for the determination of the influence of the azimuthal alignments of the polarization beamsplitter, the analyzer and measurement retroreflector are presented. The applicability of the technique to the in situ optimization of an interferometer system is demonstrated. It is shown that using this technique an interferometer system can be optimized to reduce the first-harmonic nonlinearity to below 0.5 nm p-p and the second harmonic nonlinearity to 2 nm p-p. This method is contrasted with other methods and the advantages conferred by the elimination of an external reference and the phase measuring electronics are highlighted.     

Ultrasonic investigation of blood flow.

Ultrasound and the Doppler effect are used to measure blood velocity non-invasively in order to diagnose blood vessel disease. Intrusive lesions on arterial walls give rise to an alteration of the time-varying blood velocity waveform and local blood flow disturbance which are detected and measured using the envelope and width of the Doppler signal spectrogram respectively. Flow may also be imaged in colour superimposed on a grey-scale anatomical image allowing vessel narrowing and the accompanying flow disturbance to be visualized. Developments in three-dimensional imaging, angle tolerant velocity measurements and increased sensitivity using second harmonic backscatter from encapsulated-bubble contrast media ensure increasing use of this modality.     

基于Duffing van-der-pol系统几何特征的材料非线性特征量化

传统微弱信号检测方法在处理非线性Lamb波信号时存在精度不高且抗噪性能有限的问题,Duffing vander-pol系统作为非线性动力学系统十分适合检测由材料非线性特征引起的非线性Lamb波微弱变化。系统的几何特征——平均周期面积作为特征参数能对材料非线性导致的微弱二次谐波成分进行增强,进而表征材料非线性特征。采用系统分岔图确定Duffing van-der-pol系统的策动力参数,根据系统相轨迹确定系统状态并验证二次谐波的存在性。通过建立系统几何特征参数与二次谐波幅值的拟合线性关系,二次谐波幅值可以被精确量化,从而实现定量分析材料线性特征。通过实验对比传统的小波变换、卡尔曼滤波等降噪方法,在较强的噪声干扰下,基于Duffing van-der-pol系统几何特征的方法对二次谐波的量化依然可以保持较高精度,具有潜在的应用价值。     

交变光场时空耦合型位移测量系统的研制

针对现有光栅精密刻划加工难度大制约测量精度的问题,设计了一种以交变光场为测量媒介的时空耦合线性位移测量系统。该测量系统利用四路正交的交变光场与四组正交的正弦透光面调制耦合形成电行波信号实现高精度位移测量。在对测量系统测量原理分析的基础上,建立了该系统的理论模型和误差模型,通过仿真详细分析了该系统在时间相位不正交、空间相位不正交以及结构安装不平行时的误差规律。开展实验验证了一次、二次和四次谐波的产生原因,根据误差来源改进了测量装置的结构,优化了相应的参数。实验结果表明:在180mm测量范围内,用栅距0.6mm的测量系统实现了±0.4μm的测量精度。该测量系统规避了现有光栅精密刻划的问题,结构简单、安装方便,为光学位移测量提供了新思路。     

Estimating discharge in drainage channels through measurements of surface velocity alone: A case study

In the scientific literature it is possible to find at least two methods for estimating discharge in an open channel which represent a valid alternative to the Velocity-Area method; both offer a considerable advantage in that they are simple to apply and require knowledge solely of the channel bathymetry and maximum surface velocity. The first method is based on the entropy concept introduced into hydraulics by Chiu in the 1990s, whilst the second is focused on the reconstruction of dimensionless isovels in the channel cross-section.Both the methods have been extensively described in previous works and validated for medium/large-sized cross-sections where surface measurements are taken by current-meter or Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) sensor. In this technical paper, they are instead applied to a water drainage channel in a reclamation territory characterized by a very low velocity which required a particular measuring technique, called “total station”. This technique demonstrated to be reliable in situations where the velocity is very low and cannot be measured with other “no-contact” techniques, such as those based on the Doppler method, which are normally used when the use of current meters is not possible.     

基于虚拟仪器技术的谐波测量

介绍谐波测试系统的结构，详细论述了谐波测量的原理及其实现。针对由于非同步采样而引起的频谱泄漏问题。应用基于DFT校正算法来减小误差，并仿真估计了非同步采样时本算法的谐波幅值、相位测量误差情况。仿真与实验表明，该算法实时性好、测量精度高；采用LabVIEW开发的谐波测试系统功能齐全、成本低且开发维护方便。     

基于非线性输出频率响应函数的转子不对中-碰摩耦合故障诊断方法研究

基于非线性输出频率响应函数(NOFRF)的独特优势,将非线性输出频率响应函数引入到转子不对中-碰摩耦合故障中,提出了基于非线性输出频率响应函数的转子不对中-碰摩耦合故障诊断方法。利用提出的方法辨识得到了不同对中度及其角度的转子系统的NOFRF值,对比分析了不对中度及其角度对转子系统各阶NOFRF值的影响。仿真结果表明随着不对中度和角度的增加,NOFRF中二次谐波二阶非线性输出频率响应函数和二次谐波四阶非线性输出频率响应函数有着较为明显的增幅;一次谐波三阶非线性输出频率响应函数随不对中角度的增加而减小。因此,可以依据二次谐波二阶非线性输出频率响应函数、二次谐波四阶非线性输出频率响应函数、一次谐波三阶非线性输出频率响应函数值的变化规律识别转子系统的不对中程度。最后通过试验结果验证了仿真结果的正确性,研究成果为具有不对中-碰摩耦合故障的转子系统的故障诊断提供了重要的依据。     

Clinical two-photon microendoscopy

Two-photon medical imaging has found its way into dermatology as an excellent method for noninvasive skin cancer detection without need of contrast agents as well as for in situ drug screening of topically-applied cosmetical and pharmaceutical components. There is an increasing demand to apply the multiphoton technology also for deep-tissue skin imaging as well as for intracorporal imaging. We report on the first clinical use of multiphoton endoscopes, in particular of a miniaturized rigid two-photon GRIN lens endoscope. The microendoscope was attached to the multiphoton tomograph DermaInspect and employed to detect the extracellular matrix proteins collagen and elastin in the human dermis of volunteers and patients with ulcera by in vivo second harmonic generation and in vivo two-photon autofluorescence.     

A software-based relocation technique for surface asperity profiles and its application to calculate volume changes in running-in wear

Evaluation of truncated surface asperities is critically important in many industrial applications. Any discussion of truncation processes such as wear mechanisms and plateau honing requires a comparison of the original profile with the truncated one. In order to compare profiles, it is necessary to accurately relocate the truncated profile with respect to the original one. However, there is a limitation to relocation using hardware. To achieve accurate relocation, the authors propose a software-based relocation technique. In this paper, we present newly two software-based relocation techniques that examine the correspondence between untruncated areas in the truncated profile and the same untruncated areas in the original profile. In the first technique, the correspondence is measured by a collation index that is determined for the two profiles and calculated in an optimization method. In the second technique, the height probability distributions of two profiles are calculated and the profiles are then relocated in order to obtain the minimum degree of difference. Furthermore, the applicability of these techniques is discussed using simulation data and actual measurement data. These techniques are effective in the range that the truncated surface height is higher than −1.28σ_o (σ_o is the standard deviation of untruncated original surface height) from experiment, and are useful for measuring very little wear volume changes in contrast with measuring mass changes.