宇宙航行防护设计

宇宙航行,无论是载人飞行或不载人飞机,航天器都工作于外层空间,其所处的环境具有和地面完全不同的环境介质,空 间控索表明这些空间环境介质给航天器,航天员带来了不可忽视的危害,本文旨在介绍这些空间介质的情况及其一般的防护设计方法。     

美国航天飞机微生物防控经验及启示

航天飞机作为人类发射和运营次数最多的载人航天器之一,在其30年的飞行任务中积累了大量的微生物防控经验。本文分析了航天飞机飞行任务特点,并调研了其曾出现过的微生物问题及制定的应对措施。我国载人航天飞行的时间相对较短,在建设载人空间站时不可避免会面临空间微生物的风险,因此可从美国航天飞机微生物防控中吸取经验教训。     

载人航天器热管理技术发展综述

载人航天器热管理是一种新的设计理念，针对大型载人航天器的特殊情况，从系统层面，主要通过流体回路和对流通风，完成航天器的热量收集、传输、利用和排散。文章介绍了国内外载人航天器热管理技术发展现状及方向，提出未来我国载人航天器热管理技术的发展方向。[     

热烈祝贺神七成功遨游太空

2008年9月25日21时10分，神舟七号载人航天飞船在酒泉卫星发射中心发射升空，飞行2天20小时27分钟，绕地球飞行45周后，于9月28日17时37分安全着陆在内蒙古自治区四王子旗。胜利完成神七太空飞行，创下了中国航天领域的四个第一，即：航天员出舱；舱外空间材料研究；中继试验卫星——天链一号的应用；伴随小卫星——由一个航天器围绕另一个航天器飞行摄像。     

兰州真空为“神舟七号”做出贡献

兰州真空设备有限责任公司为中国载人航天工程提供了多套航天员训练地面试验舱后,今年又为神舟七号“飞天舱外宇航服”试验提供了大型真空试验装备,并圆满完成了试验任务。中国载人航天工程办公室的表彰文中写道：“兰州真空设备有限责任公司承担我国载人航天工程研制建设相关协作配套任务,为神舟七号载人航天飞行圆满成功做出了贡献。”中国航天员科研训练中心的表彰文中写道：“在此次载人航天飞行任务中,贵单位做为中国航天员科研训练中心的重要协作单位,     

《星载一体化》专题文章导读

自从1957年人造航天器首次进入太空,人类对航天器的研制已经走过了60个年头。在这60年中,涌现出了人造卫星、航天飞机、载人飞船、地外天体探测器与登陆器、国际空间站等各种航天器,这些航天器种类繁多,争奇斗艳,在各种应用中发挥着巨大的作用。随着科学技术的发展,当今航天器的研制水平、功能作用、     

空间站用离心风机噪声分析及控制

根据我国载人航天任务要求,航天员需在空间长期驻守,对舱内长期工作的通风设备有低噪声要求。本文针对舱内某低噪声离心风机,开展风机的选型与设计,并同步进行噪声仿真分析。通过风机的流场和声场仿真分析结果,采取了消声蜗壳和进风口消声器两种降噪措施,有效的降低了风机噪声12.3dB(A),到达了空间站舱内稳态噪声频谱的要求。试验结果表明,采用流场与声场仿真分析,可以对噪声频谱及A声级噪声进行预测,有利于指导新产品的噪声分析与控制。     

空间碎片对石英玻璃超高速撞击数值模拟研究

石英玻璃作为航天器舷窗的重要组成材料,处于航天器的外表面,暴露在空间中,容易遭受空间碎片撞击。为了更好的保障航天器及航天员的安全,对文献[1]中石英玻璃的实验进行数值模拟,并与实验进行比较,发现数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。通过AUTODYN进行数值模拟,得到弹丸直径、弹丸形状、入射速度及入射角度对石英玻璃超高速撞击力学响应的影响。     

虚拟现实环境下载人机动装置仿真系统

系统地介绍了载人机动装置(MMU,Manned maneuvering unit)的虚拟现实仿真环境,建立了MMU动力学／运动学模型、推力系统模型。根据航天员太空行走的特点,建立了航天员多体模型,利用位姿跟踪设备记录操作者的肢体运动信息,并将该信息正确地映射为虚拟环境下航天员的肢体运动。所得到的运动信息实时参与航天员动力学／运动学计算,更加真实地反映出航天员太空行走过程。从虚拟样机控制系统的快速设计和仿真的目的出发, 建立了虚拟现实环境下MMU的分布式仿真系统。控制系统的设计和仿真在MATLAB/Simulink环境下完成,利用网络通信手段实现控制系统与MMU仿真主程序之间的协同仿真。     

行业信息动态

神州六号航天员费俊龙,男,汉族,江苏昆山人,党员,大学文化。1965年5月出生,1982年6月入伍,1985年5月入党,现为中国人民解放军航天员大队三级航天员,副师职,上校军衔。曾任空军某飞行学院飞行枝术检查员,飞过歼教五等机型,安全飞行1790小时,为空军特级飞行员。1998年1月正式成为我国首批航天员。经过多年的航天员训练,完成了基础理论、航天环境适应性、专业技术等8大类几十个科目的训练任务,以优异的成绩通过航天员专业技术综合考核。2005年6月,入选“神舟”六号载人航天飞行乘组梯队成员。聂海胜,男,汉族,湖北枣阳人,党员,大学文化。1964年9…     

Piezoresistive cantilever array sensor for consolidated bioprocess monitoring

Cellulolytic microbes occur in diverse natural niches and are being screened for industrial modification and utility. A microbe for consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) development can rapidly degrade pure cellulose and then ferment the resulting sugars into fuels. To identify and screen for novel microbes for CBP, we have developed a piezoresistive cantilever array sensor which is capable of simultaneous monitoring of glucose and ethanol concentration changes in a phosphate buffer solution. 4‐mercaptophenylboronic acid and polyethyleneglycol‐thiol are employed to functionalize each piezoresistive cantilever for glucose and ethanol sensing, respectively. Successful concentration measurements of glucose and ethanol with minimal interferences are obtained with our cantilever array sensor. SCANNING 31: 204–210, 2009. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

基于溶解氧电极的微生物生长量实时在线检测

溶解氧的检测对于微生物发酵过程控制及优化起着重要作用。本文通过研究生物处理发酵过程中溶解氧的变化,分析了微生物的生长情况,并且提供了一种基于溶解氧电极的在线检测微生物生长量的测定方法,对发酵过程控制有一定实用价值。     

农产品品质与安全快速检测技术的进展

论述了2005年转基因农产品，细菌、毒素和微生物，农残，兽残及农产品品质与安全三个方面快速检测技术的进展。     

生长时间光谱法测定水中大肠杆菌数

生长时间光谱法是根据微生物增殖达到特定浓度的时间与微生物的初始浓度之间存在的特定关系,来对微生物的初始浓度进行定量的一种方法。该时间（生长时间）可通过光谱检测微生物生长过程中产生的颜色或荧光变化而得到。生长时间光谱法与传统的滤膜法（MF法）和多管发酵法（MTF法）相比,具有准确敏感、快速简便、经济实用等优点,可同时准确定量检测水中大肠菌群和大肠埃希氏菌。     

A balanced technique for preparation of specimens from pathogenicity studies for scanning electron microscopy

This paper reports our experiences with preparing delicate biological specimens for scanning electron microscopy. Three different washing methods were evaluated: One method allowed the analysis of the location of the bacterium Mycoplasma mobile on piscine gill epithelium and the optimal evaluation of histopathologic changes caused by this microbe. These results were achieved when specimens were washed three times in a cacodylic acid buffer after completion of the in vitro infection experiment in gill explant cultures. We also found that of three different concentrations of glutaraldehyde, a fixation with a 1.5% solution was sufficient to achieve excellent structural preservation, even without using post fixation in osmium tetroxide. Furthermore, this study showed that the use of acetone-carbon dioxide in the critical point drying procedure resulted in well-preserved piscine gill epithelium and mycoplasmas. Finally, long-term storage of tissue specimens in 0.1 M cacodylic acid buffer is possible if the buffer is changed on a monthly basis to avoid growth of unwanted microorganisms, such as fungi.     

易降解润滑油对难降解润滑油生物降解性影响研究

研究了生物易降解菜籽油和合成酯类油对生物难降解矿物油和高粘度聚α-烯烃生物降解性能的影响,探讨了复合基础油生物降解性能改善的机制。结果表明,生物易降解基础油能提高生物难降解基础油的生物降解性能,其作用机制是易降解基础油通过诱导和驯化作用,使微生物体内不断产生与驯化物结构相适应的生物降解酶组分,促进了微生物生长,从而使难降解基础油的生物降解性增强。     

Hydrothermal preparation of TiO₂-Ag nanoparticles and its antimicrobial performance against human pathogenic microbial cells in water

Water contaminated with pathogenic microbes is considered as one of the most common routes for transmitting diseases in human beings. Different methods have been applied for the decontamination of microbes in contaminated water. In the current study, an easy to do hydrothermal method has been used for the preparation of TiO₂-Ag nanoparticles. The obtained material was characterised using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). The morphological appearance of the obtained nanoparticles was in the shape of a sphere with a size range of 60-90 nm. The antimicrobial activity of the prepared nanoparticles was tested against several pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The obtained results proved that the nanoparticles succeeded to affect all the tested microbes in the following order: Bacillus cereus ATCC6633>Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC9027= Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC13883>Vibrio cholera ATCC700=Candida albicans ATCC 700=Escherichia coli NCTC10418>Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the prepared nanoparticles varied among the tested microbes at range of 12 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml. These results encourage the application of prepared TiO₂-Ag nanoparticles for treatment of microbe-contaminated waters.     

微生物抑菌圈自动测量与分析系统

文中结合微生物抑菌圈自动测量与分析系统的开发设计，介绍了系统的功能原理和生物图象的处理与分析方法，展示了开发廉价优质的光学计量及检测系统在医药领域中广泛应用的发展前景。     

Long-term frequency stabilization system for external cavity diode laser based on mode boundary detection

We have realized a long-term frequency stabilization system for external cavity diode laser (ECDL) based on mode boundary detection method. In this system, the saturated absorption spectroscopy was used. The current and the grating of the ECDL were controlled by a computer-based feedback control system. By checking if there are mode boundaries in the spectrum, the control system determined how to adjust current to avoid mode hopping. This procedure was executed periodically to ensure the long-term stabilization of ECDL in the absence of mode hops. This diode laser system with non-antireflection coating had operated in the condition of long-term mode-hop-free stabilization for almost 400 h, which is a significant improvement of ECDL frequency stabilization system.     

Application of AFM in microbiology: a review

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful tool for microbiological investigation. This versatile technique cannot only image cellular surfaces at high resolution, but also measure many forms of fundamental interactions over scales ranging from molecules to cells. In this work, we review the recent development of AFM applications in the microbial area. We discuss several approaches for using AFM scanning images to investigate morphological characteristics of microbes and the use of force–distance curves to investigate interaction of microbial samples at the nanometer and cellular levels. Complementary techniques used in combination with AFM for study of microbes are also discussed. SCANNING 32: 61–73, 2010. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.