Multi-range sensors for the measurement of liquid film thickness distributions based on electrical conductance

The paper presents an approach toward an enhancement of the measuring range of high-speed sensors for the measurement of liquid film thickness distributions based on electrical conductance. This type of sensors consists of electrodes mounted flush to the wall. The sampling of the current generated between a pair of neighboring electrode is used as a measure of the film thickness. Such sensors have a limited measuring range, which is proportional to the lateral distance between the electrodes. The range is therefore coupled to the spatial resolution. The proposed new design allows an extension of the film thickness range by combining electrode matrices of different resolution in one and the same sensor. In this way, a high spatial resolution is reached with a small thickness range, whereas a film thickness that exceeds the range of the high resolution measurement can still be acquired even though on the costs of a lower spatial resolution. A simultaneous signal acquisition with a sampling frequency of 3.2 kHz combines three measuring ranges for the characterization of a two-dimensional film thickness distribution: (1) thickness range 0–600 µm, lateral resolution 2×2 mm², (2) thickness range 400–1300 µm, lateral resolution 4×4 mm², and (3) thickness range 1000–3500 µm, lateral resolution 12×12 mm². The functionality of this concept sensor is demonstrated by tests in a horizontal wavy stratified air–water flow at ambient conditions. Using flexible printed circuit board technology to manufacture the sensor makes it possible to place the sensor at the inner surface of a circular pipe.     

Experimental investigation on the turbulence augmentation of a gun-type gas burner by slits and swirl vanes

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of slits and swirl vanes on the turbulence augmentation in the flow fields of a gun-type gas burner using an X-type hot-wire probe. The gun-type gas burner adopted in this study is composed of eight slits and swirl vanes located on the surface of an inclined baffle plate. Experiment was carried out at a flow rate of 450 //min in burner model installed in the test section of subsonic wind tunnel. Swirl vanes play a role diffusing main flow more remarkably toward the radial direction than axial one, but slits show a reverse feature. Consequently, both slits and swirl vanes remarkably increase turbulence intensity in the whole range of a gun-type gas burner with a cone-type baffle plate.     

Optical method for flow patterns discrimination,slug and pig detection in horizontal gas liquid pipe

An optical method including infrared ray and laser was developed to discriminate flow pattern, and detect liquid slug and pig in horizontal gas–liquid pipe. Based on the principle that infrared ray attenuates differently during penetrating gas and liquid, the infrared ray method was developed to discriminate flow pattern and detect liquid slug. In experiment, infrared ray was emitted on one side of the transparent pipe, and detected on the other side. Simultaneously, a signal of output voltage that is proportional to the intensity of infrared ray detected was generated and recorded. A series of experiments in horizontal air/water loop were carried out to generate bubble, stratified smooth, wavy and intermittent flow, and the output voltages under the four flow patterns were analyzed. The flow patterns can be discriminated by characteristics of output voltage. Meanwhile, the velocity and frequency of liquid slug were measured by this method, and the results were consistent with that calculated by formulas. However, infrared ray is easily affected by interface between gas and liquid, a laser method was explored to detect pig. The laser method is similar to infrared ray, a laser beam was emitted and detected and then a signal of output voltage was recorded. The results from pigging experiments show that the laser method could correctly detect the passing of a pig. The combined use of infrared ray and laser method could rightly detect pig and pigging slug during pigging operation.     

聚结分离器油水分离效率模拟试验研究

为了能经济、快速地研究聚结分离器内部流场,简化影响因素,提高含油污水分离效率,首先利用软件对聚结分离内部堰板结构的流场进行模拟分析。模拟得到当入口流速为0.088m/s,入口管流和堰板的夹角60°时,流场稳定,有利于后续沉降分离。然后在室内搭建试验平台,在模拟条件下,以分离效率为研究对象,在研究板间距、板组数量、温度对油水两相聚结分离的影响。试验结果得到当聚结板板间距为1/4 in、采用双组板时,聚结分离器分离效率最高。     

SWT based separation method for periodic signal with non-stationary noise and its application in EMF

Periodic signal superimposed with strong non-stationary noise that follows an approximate 1/f distribution cannot be easily separated with traditional signal processing methods. Using the stationary wavelet transform, the noisy signal is decomposed into wavelet coefficients including both the detail and approximate coefficients. According to its periodic feature, detail coefficients on each scale are extracted to form the same-phase sequences which consist of coefficients with the same phase values in each cycle. The amplitude probability distribution functions of same-phase sequences follow approximate Gaussian distribution. Therefore, noise in the same-phase sequences can be removed with the non-linear median filter and moving average filter. Since non-stationary noise follows approximate 1/f distribution, the approximate coefficients on the lowest frequency level have strong non-stationary property. Due to spectrum leakage of different frequency sections, the leakage signal components are superimposed on the approximate coefficients. Three different filtering methods are proposed to process the approximate coefficients in order to extract the useful signal components and to reconstruct the periodic signal accurately. Finally the proposed method is used to process the output signal of electromagnetic flowmeter during slurry flow measurement under different slurry concentrations and different flow rates. Results show that the proposed method is effective in the separation of periodic signal and strong non-stationary noise which follows the approximate 1/f distribution.     

基于三轴加速度探头的涡街湿气分相流量测量

针对涡街湿气测量过读问题,提出了基于加速度检测的涡街过读校正和分相流量测量方法。设计了高频响三轴加速度探头,分别对敏感元件、探头尺寸和封装进行了优化设计。干气标定结果表明,在4.43×10⁴～1.81×10⁵雷诺数范围内,测量精度为±1.0%,线性度为1.06%。然后,在不同湿气工况(载气压力和流量、液相流量)下测试了输出频率和加速度幅值特性,以气、液相韦伯数为参数,分别建立了涡街过读和两相加速度幅值模型。最后,联立两方程建立了湿气测量模型,并利用牛顿迭代算法进行求解。预测结果表明,气相测量误差在±1.0%以内,不确定度0.46%,液相全量程误差在±15%以内,不确定度10.04%。与未过读校正时最大8%的测量误差相比,气相测量精度大大提升,同时实现了湿气中分相流的在线测量。     

基于 C 4 D 技术的非满管液体流速测量方法研究

为满足目前小型化设备中液体流速测量的需求,通过将空间滤波测速与电容耦合非接触电导测量(C~4D)技术相结合,提出了一种适用于非满管液体流速测量的新方法。设计了一种轴向两电极结构的C~4D传感器,采用COMSOL仿真软件建立了传感器的三维仿真模型,并对其空间灵敏度分布特性进行了分析,然后基于该传感器的空间滤波效应对液体流速测量原理进行了理论推导,并采用等效峰值频率的方法得到了速度测量的数学表达式;在此基础上,设计了一套可适用于空间滤波的C~4D液体流速测量系统,并通过该测量系统验证了C~4D传感器具有良好的空间滤波效应,且实验结果表明,该测量方法具有良好的可行性,在1.39～2.35 m/s的速度范围内,测量速度的绝对误差均在5%以内。     

光学互相关测速系统设计与验证

针对两相流颗粒运动速度测量及基于互相关原理设计了双光路激光测速系统。采用搭建的变频电机带动绕丝产生已知旋转线速度的装置开展光学互相关测速验证实验。通过测量绕丝经双光路激光的光强衰减信号,再对两路信号进行互相关分析,从而得到测点绕丝旋转线速度。以电机转速计算的测点绕丝线速度作为参考值进行测量精度验证,得到光学互相关测速方法的测量相对误差在6%以内,验证了光学互相关测速方法的准确性。     

Research on calculation method of free flow discharge based on artificial neural network and regression analysis

Taking the Huaidian Sluice on the Shaying River in China as an example, this paper establishes the calculation model of the free flow based on artificial neural network and regression analysis. Four forms of discharge coefficient calculation equations were obtained by regression analysis, and three neural network models were established. The model is fully verified by using the measured data. The experimental results show that the third-order polynomial and multilayer perceptron neural network have better adaptability. The advantages and disadvantages of the different methods are analyzed and the cause of the error is identified. It provides a theoretical basis for dealing with the discharge calculation of small and medium dam.