基于加密傅里叶变换全息印刷防伪技术研究

在研究双随机相位数据加密技术的基础上,结合印刷技术和全息技术的特点,提出了一种基于傅里叶变换印刷全息标识防伪方法。该方法将二值认证图像经过输入面和频谱面上双随机相位加密模板调制生成的物光,与参考光叠加生成加密的傅里叶变换全息图,该全息图可生成印刷全息防伪标识。通过打印和扫描实验验证了加密的傅里叶变换全息标识,可以通过数字印刷技术印制在证件等印刷品上作为防伪标识,具有重要的实用意义。     

光学全息的数字实现

研究光学全息的数字模拟,探讨数字全息的数字重构方法,以菲涅耳衍射积分的实现方法为基础,采用MATLAB软件实现菲涅耳全息图的数字记录和数字重构模拟,给出模拟结果.利用离散菲涅耳衍射积分方法完成数字全息图的数字重构.利用数字图像处理方法对所得的数字全息图进行适当滤波处理,有利于消除零级像和孪生像,获得清晰的数字再现像.引入全息变换,根据全息图的不可撕毁性,研究了全息变换在数字图像压缩中的应用,对给定的二值化图像实现压缩存储及解压缩处理.     

数字全息相位再现误差分析及抑制技术

为实现基于数字全息的三维轮廓测量,本文探讨了菲涅耳近似算法实现数字全息相位再现的误差及抑制技术。首先理论分析了基于菲涅耳近似算法实现全息相位再现所包含的误差项,然后计算机模拟了数字离轴全息图的记录和相位再现结果,在此基础,模拟分析了离焦误差、数字再现光波误差及样本深度对相位再现的影响。针对记录参考光波和光学器件所引入的相位误差及其不定性,本文提出利用相位相减全息图处理方法加以消除,并给出了实验结果加以验证。模拟分析结果表明,菲涅耳近似算法误差、离焦误差、数字再现光波倾斜误差、解包裹错误对相位再现结果都有不同程度的影响。若获得高精度的再现结果,对记录过程、再现参数选择和处理方法都要进行严格控制或适当的选取。     

统计最优柱面近场声全息

由于全息声压测量点的离散性,在基于空间傅里叶变换的柱面近场声全息中会引入混叠误差;另一方面,由于测量面尺寸的有限性,会在该种全息技术中引入窗效应和卷绕误差。为了克服窗效应及卷绕误差,提出了统计最优柱面近场声全息技术,它通过空间域中全息柱面上复声压的线性叠加来反演重建面上的声学量,不需要借助空间傅里叶变换来实现全息重建,故可以克服窗效应和卷绕误差。数值分析的结果表明,统计最优柱面近场声全息要优于基于空间傅里叶变换的柱面近场声全息。     

彩色全息的进展

本文介绍真彩色全息技术的进展。包括早期的彩色全息术，白光处理彩色全息术，透射彩色彩虹全息术，彩色傅里叶变换全息术，反射彩色全息术。阐述全息图的构成与再现过程，给出了这些技术的实验例证。     

三维物体全视差全息体视图的快速计算

针对传统全息技术对三维数据源要求高、计算量大以及实现速度慢等问题,提出了一种三维物体全视差全息体视图的快速计算方法。该方法对全息面和再现面分别进行空间分割和频谱采样,通过迭代傅里叶变换算法计算多个基元全息图,叠加构成全息图单元。由摄像机获取三维物体不同角度的二维视差图像,基于人眼双目视差立体视觉原理,构建视差图像与全息图单元的对应关系。最后,利用全视差图像调制全息图单元中对应衍射方向的基元全息图,快速合成三维物体全视差全息体视图。基于液晶空间光调制器构建的光学系统对全息体视图进行了再现实验。结果表明,与传统全息图计算方法相比,本文方法容易获取数据源,计算量较小,能够快速计算全息体视图,实现三维物体不同视角图像的再现。     

分数阶全息的转子起停车故障特征提取方法

针对传统起停车过程分析采用短时傅里叶变换提取瞬时幅值和相位会损失瞬变信息的不足,提出了基于分数阶全息原理的转子起停车故障特征提取方法。该方法利用分数阶傅里叶变换从转子起停车振动数据中提取随转速变化的各倍频分量,并通过Hilbert变换求取幅值和相位,克服了傅里叶变换的平均效应,保留了转子振动的瞬变信息。通过结合全息谱理论绘制分数阶全息瀑布图,提取出转子起停车状态下的故障特征。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效提取出起停车过程中振动信号的典型故障特征,对于常见的典型故障有很好的区分能力。     

基于菲涅耳近似实现数字全息相位再现的误差分析及抑制

探讨了菲涅耳近似算法实现数字全息相位再现的误差及抑制技术.理论分析了基于菲涅耳近似算法实现全息相位再现所包含的误差项,计算机模拟了数字离轴全息图的记录和相位再现结果.在此基础上,模拟分析了离焦误差、数字再现光波误差及样本深度对相位再现的影响.针对记录参考光波和光学器件所引入的相位误差及其不定性,提出了利用相位相减全息图处理方法加以消除,并给出了实验结果加以验证.模拟分析结果表明,菲涅耳近似算法误差、离焦误差、数字再现光波倾斜误差、解包裹错误对相位再现结果都有不同程度的影响,相位相减全息图处理方法可以减小再现相位误差至0.4%.对记录过程、再现参数选择和处理方法都进行严格控制或适当选取,可得到高精度的再现结果.     

计算全息图的基本理论与制作

与传统光学全息相比,计算全息图因具有极高灵活性,制作简单并且能够记录实际不存在物体的特点而被广泛应用。越来越多的专家和学者致力于研究计算全息图。在介绍计算全息基本理论后,采用四阶迂回相位编码方法,基于MatLab平台分别制作了傅里叶二元计算全息图和菲涅耳二元计算全息图。再现实验中得到的再现像直观明显,对研究和开拓计算全息图更广泛的应用具有参考价值。     

预放大数字全息系统记录距离的设计

在数字全息显微术中,为了获得非重叠、高质量再现像,需要设置合理的记录距离。本文结合再现条件与记录条件进行较全面地分析设计,即在考虑采样定理、频谱分离条件之外,还研究了光学传递函数离散条件和再现像与放大像之间的尺寸关系,进而更精确地得到了预放大数字全息系统记录距离的设置方法。以USAF1951分辨率板为样本,分别以记录距离为50.50,134.20和140.30mm进行实验,结果表明,当记录距离不考虑放大像与再现像之间尺寸关系时,利用菲涅尔衍射法获得的再现像模糊;当记录距离考虑光学传递函数离散条件时,利用卷积法再现能获得清晰再现像;当记录距离同时满足再现条件和记录条件时,数值再现能获得高质量的再现像,且能分辨分辨率板的7.6组条纹,即横向分辨力达到2.19μm,进一步论证了所提需要考虑再现像与放大像之间的尺寸关系和光学传递函数离散条件来设计记录距离的方法更精确。通过理论推导和实验验证了所提的设计记录距离的方法较全面、给出的记录距离范围较合理,为数字全息显微术获得高质量的再现像提供了保障。     

A holographic technique for recording acoustic-emission signals due to deformation of solids

A promising technique for recording elastic stress waves due to deformation in solids based on the analysis of optical wave fronts using reference reflection Fourier holograms is discussed.     

Parallel heterodyne readout of information from three-dimensional superimposed holograms

A method is proposed for parallel (simultaneous) readout of information from threedimensional “coupled” Fourier holograms. The method is based on the principle of transformation of informational degrees of freedom of the optical signal with the use of moving diffraction gratings: the spectrum of spatial harmonics of superimposed holograms is transformed to a spectrum of time harmonics separated in terms of frequency. A method of formation of images of moving gratings with a prescribed orientation in the volume of the recording material is developed. Conditions of the frequency separation of the signals, resolution of the method over the material depth, and the number of detected bits as a function of grating parameters are obtained.     

Use of Homomorphic Filtering for Upgrading Flaw Imaging in the Expert Examination of Welded Joints of Atomic Power Plant Pipelines

The possibility of using homomorphic filtration of ultrasonic echo signals, as a preliminary data processing method, for upgrading the flaw images obtained during coherent echo-signal processing is considered. Homomorphic filtration makes it possible to attenuate the effect of multiplicative noises appearing in the data recording, such as variation of the acoustic contact or the rough surface of the tested object. Obtaining of the images consists of the following stages: calculation of holograms on the basis of measured echo signals, taking the logarithm of the calculated holograms, determination of the hologram spectrum, projection operation in the spectral space, and the Fourier transform. The results of the practical use of homomorphic filtration for expertise of flaw dimensions in austenite welded joints of 325 × 15-mm stainless-steel pipelines are given.     

Dark field electron holography for strain measurement

Dark field electron holography is a new TEM-based technique for measuring strain with nanometer scale resolution. Here we present the procedure to align a transmission electron microscope and obtain dark field holograms as well as the theoretical background necessary to reconstruct strain maps from holograms. A series of experimental parameters such as biprism voltage, sample thickness, exposure time, tilt angle and choice of diffracted beam are then investigated on a silicon-germanium layer epitaxially embedded in a silicon matrix in order to obtain optimal dark field holograms over a large field of view with good spatial resolution and strain sensitivity.     

Monochrome and two-color holograms in layered photopolymer materials

The layered systems of holographic photopolymer materials for recording color holograms are designed and developed. Monochrome and two-color (green-red, red-blue, and green-blue) volume reflection holograms are obtained using the He—Ne, Ar⁺, and DPSS lasers in red, green, and blue spectral ranges. The effects of cross-bleaching of the dyes used and the holographic properties of monochrome and two-color holograms in layered systems are considered. It is shown experimentally that the diffraction efficiency of these holograms is ~(70–80%) and comparable with that of monochrome holograms obtained in single-layer holographic photopolymer materials.     

基于PCI总线的数据采集与回放处理系统

机车信号对机车安全运行非常重要。对机车信号进行可靠的无缝采集和回放分析,是信号检测设备设计的基础。介绍一种基于PCI总线的机车信号数据采集、回放与处理系统。详细介绍系统的硬件结构和PCI数据采集卡及其控制程序的设计。系统能够进行12位精度的双通道信号的同步采集,可在界面上同时监视两个通道所采的数据,进行波形回放,能对机车信号进行实时处理,并实时显示波形与处理结果,能用于长时间连续数据采集与存储。     

Reconstruction of composite in-line electron holograms using a small emission cone

We report a new method that gives atomic resolution in the reconstruction of simulated holograms in theoretical low energy electron point source (LEEPS) microscopy, and that uses a screen size that is commensurate with screen sizes used in experimental LEEPS. The method exploits the spherical symmetry in the electron waves emerging from the source. We compare holograms obtained by rotating the screen about an axis passing through the point source as opposed to rotating the atomic cluster in the opposite sense about the same axis. We show that, by generating and combining simulated holograms obtained by rotating the cluster, with the screen held fixed, a composite hologram, comprised of the individual holograms, captures enough information that atomic resolution in the reconstructions is obtained. A key feature is to choose the rotations to optimize the collective interference pattern on the composite hologram. This results in sharper resolution while using a considerably smaller screen size; results are reported for a screen size about ten times smaller than screen sizes typically used in theoretical LEEPS. The method used gives commensurate or better resolution on comparison to results obtained using the larger screen size. Possible implications for experimental LEEPS are briefly discussed.     

Digital double-pulse holographic interferometry using Fresnel and image plane holograms

Different arrangements for digital double-pulse holographic and speckle interferometry for vibration analysis are described. In the case of digital double-pulse holographic interferometry, two separate holograms of an object under test are recorded within a few microseconds using a CCD camera and stored in a frame grabber. The phases of the two reconstructed wave fields are calculated from the complex amplitudes which are obtained by digital reconstruction of the wavefront produced by the hologram. The deformation is obtained from the phase difference. In the case of ESPI (or image plane hologram) the phase can be calculated by using the sinusoid-fitting method or the Fourier method. Using three directions of illumination and one direction of observation, all the information necessary for the reconstruction of the three-dimensional deformation vector can be recorded at the same time. Applications of the method for measuring rotating objects are discussed, together with the derotator needed.     

数字全息图微缩输出系统设计

在研究全息图性质的基础上，提出利用拼接技术实现数字全息图输出的缩微系统。系统将数字全息图按顺序分幅，并逐幅输入透射型空间光调制器（SLM），使数字全息图经光学缩微照相系统记录在介质上。阐述了数字全息图微缩自动输出系统的构成及工作原理，给出了输出系统各器件的技术指标。实验结果表明，该系统性能稳定，工作可靠，分辨率高，噪声低。