二甲基二硫逐焦膦酸二甲酯合成样品中化合物的质谱特征、碎裂机理及其鉴定

为了掌握二甲基二硫逐焦膦酸二甲酯的质谱特征,开展了该化合物合成样品的气相色谱 质谱(GC/MS)和串联质谱(MS/MS)分析鉴定研究。利用GC/MS联用技术对混合物进行分析,得到10个组分的电子电离（EI）和化学电离（CI）全扫描质谱信息。根据CI谱图中的同位素比值,推测化合物可能的元素组成;通过EI谱图与数据库谱图比对,鉴定了其中6个组分的结构。然后,对二甲基二硫逐焦膦酸二甲酯和4个未知化合物采用MS/MS模式获得各自的裂解碎片,通过分析不同的裂解碎片,推测未知化合物可能的结构,并解释其可能的碎裂途径。实验共鉴定出合成样品中10个化合物,并总结了不同化合物的质谱特征,可为相关化合物的分析和鉴定提供参考。     

安捷伦业内新进展

北京一安捷伦科技公司在2009匹兹堡会议上介绍了其气相色谱（GC）旗舰产品线的重大改进,可以让用户以更低的成本分析更多样品,并提高了复杂样品的分析效率。第二代安捷伦HPLC—Chip／MS也在这里首次亮相,其寿命比现有HPLC—Chip提高了两倍。另外,安捷伦宣布了一项与美国环保局（EPA）合作研究与开发的协议（CRADA）,将共同研究环境中的全氟化合物。     

GC/MS法检测大鼠血浆中积雪酸

建立大鼠血浆积雪甙代谢产物积雪酸的气相色谱-质谱（GC/MS）检测方法。在碱性环境中提取血浆样品中积雪酸，高氯酸四丁基铵(TBAP)与之形成离子对缔合物，经固相萃取、净化、衍生，采用内标法进行GC/MS检测。积雪酸和内标化合物乌苏酸的保留时间分别为15.2 min和10.4 min，最低定量限为1.0 ng/mL，药物浓度2.5、10、50 ng/mL测定日内RSD分别为5.48%、1.86%、1.32%（n＝6），日间RSD分别为9.36%、5.11%、1.91%（n＝90），相对回收率分别为101%、102%、99.1%。用GC/MS检测积雪甙在动物体内代谢产物积雪酸，有灵敏度高、专一性强的优点，能满足药代动力学研究要求。     

安捷伦业内新进展

北京一安捷伦科技公司在2009匹兹堡会议上介绍了其气相色谱（GC）旗舰产品线的重大改进,可以让用户以更低的成本分析更多样品,并提高了复杂样品的分析效率。第二代安捷伦HPLC—Chip／MS也在这里首次亮相,其寿命比现有HPLC—Chip提高了两倍。另外,安捷伦宣布了一项与美国环保局（EPA）合作研究与开发的协议（CRADA）,将共同研究环境中的全氟化合物。     

瓦里安Saturn 2000台式GC／MS

瓦里安Saturn2000GC／MS是一套完整的台式GC／MS／DS系统。该系统提供无与伦比的灵敏度和灵活性。Sat－urn2000可让您做全扫EI或CI，选择高于储存，及EI／MS／MS或CI／MS／MS。谱图可用标准谱库作正确检索，结果完全可信。数据系统完全与Windows95及标准网络软件兼容，标准报告和改编的报告软件设计完全满足您的最高要求，符合GLP要求的软件提供完整的调谐条件，分析条件，时间和日期记录以及其他必要信息。性能特点·瓦里安GCStar3400CX配ic78温度可编程分流／不分流进样口可分析各种类型的化合物，极性的，非极性的和热不…     

蛋白质组研究中的分离方法

蛋白质组包括一个细胞或生命体中所有的蛋白质，对蛋白质组的研究是一种非常复杂、并具冒险性的行为。其中心除了基因表达的研究外，首先是对特定蛋白质的结构进行鳃析和辩认。通过联用技术，如液相色谱-质谱（LCMS／MS）联用或高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子源双质谱（HPLC／ESI／MS／MS）联用，可以将蛋白质从混合物中分离出来，并进行表征。[编者按]     

在HPLC中使用蒸发光散射质量检测方法分析桦属类树皮树脂中的三萜烯

植物中的三萜烯很难用高效液相色谱（HPLC）进行分析，这是因为在这类化合物的分子中缺少双键或其他生色团不能用光度法进行检测。笔者建立了使用蒸发光散射检测器（LS）代替薄层色谱（TLC）分析各种桦属类树皮树脂中的三萜烯含量。用LS分析papyriferic酸（用作参比物）其灵敏度比UV检测高5倍，使用HPLC／LS还可以对UV或TLC不能检测的新化合物进行定量测定。本文讨论了BPendula中主要成分新三萜烯的检测，并比较不同类别BPendula和Bpapyrifera中三萜烯含量受老化的影响。     

ICP—MS总量法测定原煤中45种元素

Determinationof45ElementsofRawCoalbyMicrowaveAcidDigestionICP－MS1微波消解样品1．1微波消解的优点微波消解技术是近年来国际上出现的一种新的样品处理技术，其消解方式可分为常压微波消解和高压微波消解。由于原煤样品十分难溶，采用高压消解，具有以下优点：（1）由于封闭容器的压力、酸的沸点升高，使封闭消解达到高温、高压，样品分解完全，大大缩短了消解所需时间；门）封闭容器消解时几乎没有蒸气损失，消除了易挥发成分损失的可能性；（3）封闭消解样品只需少量酸，不需要继续加入酸以保持体积，所以避免样品被沾污，同时…     

液相色谱串联质谱法测定谷物中二乙酸镳草镰刀菌烯醇

采用内标法，建立了液相色谱串联质谱法（LC／MS—MS）ESI＋测定谷物中的二乙酸镳草镰刀菌烯醇的方法。对比了液液革取与Micostep226、Micostep225、C185种SPE柱对样品前处理的效果，其中Micostep225SPE柱净化样品具有较好的回收率。标准工作曲线范围在0．1～100．0ng／mL之间，检出限为0．02ng／mL。对大米粉、面粉与玉米淀粉二乙酸镳草镰刀菌烯醇浓度为1．0～10．0ng／g合成样品的回收率在70．1％～82．7％之间，相对标准偏差在6．7％～9．5％之间。该方法快速、简单、灵敏度高。     

GC/MS测定强离子干扰水中的6种化学毒剂降解产物

建立强阳离子交换固相萃取一气相色谱/质谱(SCX/GC/MS)同时检测强离子干扰水中甲基膦酸(MPA)、异丙基膦酸(IPA)、甲基膦酸嚬哪酯(PMPA)、硫二甘醇(TDG)、硫二甘醇亚砜(TDGO)和硫二甘醇砜(TDGO2)的方法。利用优化的条件,测定TDGO在5.0～25 μ g/mL、其他化合物在2.5～25 μ g/mL的浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,同时对浓度各为1.0μg/mL和10 μ g/mL的6种目标化合物的加标回收率均在34.1%～ 103.8%之间,且相对标准偏差均小于10%。该方法可实现强离子干扰水样中烷基膦酸的检测,有效避免真实样品中目标化合物的丢失,具有实用价值。     

The stabilization of the position of the body of walking machinesLa stabilisation de la position du corps d'une machine marchante

This paper shows that in the task of the maintenance of constant orientation of the body of a walking robot the determination of the actual position of the body, i.e. absolute altitudes of its points and remoteness from the supporting surface, is the most complicated problem. Two possible systems of measurement and stabilization of the position by the height of the body of the walking mechanism are compared, i.e. a system of adaptation automatically adjusting the length of the supporting leg to the roughness of the terrain, and the system of the maintenance of constant remoteness of the body from the terrain. The inefficiency of a solitary application of any described system is revealed and the possibility of an accumulation of errors of the position of the body by the walking on the soft terrain is shown. Possible approaches for raising the quality of stabilization of the body by the walking are evaluated.     

Posterior regeneration following fission in the holothurian Cladolabes schmeltzii (Dendrochirotida: Holothuroidea)

The regeneration of the posterior portion of the body after fission was studied in the holothurian Cladolabes schmeltzii using electron microscopy methods. Following fission, the aquapharyngeal complex, gonad and anterior portion of the first descending part of the intestine remain in the anterior fragment of the body. The entire regeneration process is divided into five stages. In the first three stages, the digestive system and damaged ends of the longitudinal muscle bands regenerate. The intestine is formed through the rearrangement and growth of the remaining portion of the first descending part of the intestine. The gut anlage grows down the mesentery and joins the regenerating cloaca. The cloaca is formed from two sources: its posterior portion appears as a result of immersion of the epidermis, while the anterior portion develops from the terminal segment of the growing intestine. Regeneration of muscles progresses in the typical manner for echinoderms: through immersion and myogenic transformation of the coelomic epithelium. Respiratory trees appear in animals when the growth of the external part of the body has begun (fourth stage). They are formed as an outgrowth of the dorsal wall of the anterior portion of the cloaca. It was concluded that regeneration of the posterior portion of the body in the holothurian C. schmeltzii following fission is realized through morphallactic rearrangements of the remaining parts of organs. The main mechanism through which the digestive, respiratory, and contractile systems are formed is epithelial morphogenesis. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:540–552, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Walking robot with supervisory control

A design of a six-legged walking robot with supervisory control is presented. A hierarchical control system of the robot incorporates a hybrid computer.In recent years the problem of developing a robot, moving on legs in a rough terrain, has been extensively investigated [1–10]. The legged, off-road vehicles exhibit mobility advantages and provide more comfortable movement than that of tracked or wheeled vehicles. Now, some scientific as well as technical problems requiring the application of such vehicles may be mentioned.However, the advantages of a walking robot over other types of moving vehicles result from its greater complexity. A large number of controllable degrees of freedom requires highly efficient drives properly arranged, special design of feet to dissipate the energy of the strike, etc. It is a rather difficult task to design a control system for a legged vehicle having all of its advantages. The control system has to process the information about the terrain, to decide on the type of the motion and to execute it. Thus the problem of the control seems to be the main problem of the walking robot. It should be mentioned, that the experience in designing most complex systems of the automatic control cannot be directly applied to the problem of a walking robot control. As a matter of fact, the problem of spatial movement control in such a complicated form is being solved for a first time.The results of numerous biomechanical studies may be helpful in solving the arising problems. The principles of motor control in animals and man have been studied by several authors.The control system of the described robot is based on the idea of the synergy of the regular gait, which constitutes the main pattern of the motion. When necessary, that motion is modified to adapt the gait to an uneven surface or to perform different manoeuvres to avoid or to overcome obstacles. It is called a quasi-regular gait.This report presents the results of the joint work carried out by two research groups: the Institute for Problems of Information Transmission, Academy of Sciences U.S.S.R. and the Institute for Mechanics of the Moscow State University.     

Application of artificial neural networks instead of the orifice plate discharge coefficient

Differential pressure flowmeters are very often used in many industries. Therefore, the improvement of this method of flow measurement is an important task of flow measurement and instrumentation. One of the important characteristics of differential pressure flowmeters is the discharge coefficient of the flow transducers. A large number of studies and publications were devoted to modeling this coefficient. Therefore, in the framework of this research, this coefficient is simulated using artificial neural networks. The neural representation of this characteristic is made in the form of a multilayer perceptron. In this paper, we replace the traditional equation for the discharge coefficient with an artificial neural network. The advantages and disadvantages of such application of neural networks as discharge coefficients are discussed. The analysis of the results of gas flow measurement, where the neural network is used instead of the traditional equation, is presented. The estimation of flow rate measurement errors with such an approach is made; the error of calculation of the discharge coefficient is estimated.     

Linux环境下的串口通信

终端I／O的用途很广泛,包括:终端、计算机之间的直接连接、调制解调器、打印机等等,所以他变得非常复杂。Linux的串口通讯应用非常广泛,适用于各种控制环境,尤其是当今嵌入式应用的飞速发展,使linux的串口通信得到了很大的应用。本文中将主要介绍POSIX.1标准中有关的串口操作在linux环境下的应用。介绍了linux的串口的参数设置、串口的操作等等。同时也介绍了串口各种参数的使用方式和操作方式。     

Micro- and nanostructures of iridescent wing scales in purple emperor butterflies (Lepidoptera: Apatura ilia and A. iris)

Apatura ilia (Denis and Schiffermüller, 1775) and A. iris (Linnaeus, 1758) are fascinating butterflies found in the Palaearctic ecozone (excepting the north of Africa). The wings of these insects are covered with a great number of two types of scales positioned like roof tiles. Type I scales are on the surface, while type II scales are situated below them. The structural color of the type I scales is recognized only on the dorsal side of both the fore and hind wings of the males of the aforementioned species. Both types of scales are responsible for pigment color of the wings, but iridescence is observed only in the type I scales. The brilliant structural color is due to a multilayer structure. The features of the scales, their dimensions and fine structure were obtained using scanning electron microscopy. Cross sections of the scales were then analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The scales of the "normal" and clytie forms of A. ilia have a different nanostructure, but are of the same type. A similar type of structure, but with a different morphology, was also noticed in A. iris. The scales of the analyzed species resemble the scales of tropical Morpho butterflies.     

Threshold erosion fracture in the case of oblique incidence

Absract  A model of erosion wear at threshold velocities of incidence of abrasive particles is advanced based on the classic theory of dynamic contact interactions and the structural-time fracture criterion. A formula for calculating the intensity of erosion damage is developed, assuming that erosive particles slip over the surface of the target material during contact. The dependences of erosion wear on the angle of incidence of particles of various sizes are plotted. Original Russian Text ? I.I. Argatov, N.N. Dmitriev, Yu.V. Petrov, V.I. Smirnov, 2009, published in Trenie i Iznos, 2009, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 245–253.     

弹性波在一维掺杂声子晶体中的多缺陷模特征

推导出弹性波在一维掺杂声子晶体中的转移矩阵,研究了弹性波在一维掺杂声子晶体中的缺陷模特征。得出:弹性波在一维掺杂声子晶体中会出现多个缺陷模。缺陷模的数目随杂质厚度的增加而增加,缺陷模的半高宽随缺陷模数目的增加而减小。缺陷模的数目也随杂质声阻抗的增加而发生变化,各缺陷模的位置随杂质声阻抗的增加向禁带中心移动。这些特性可以作为设计多通道弹性波滤波器的理论依据。     

Method of calibration of a fluorescence microscope for quantitative studies

Confocal microscopy is based on measurement of intensity of fluorescence originating from a limited volume in the imaged specimen. The intensity is quantized in absolute (albeit arbitrary) units, producing a digital 3D micrograph. Thus, one may obtain quantitative information on local concentration of biomolecules in cells and tissues. This approach requires estimation of precision of light measurement (limited by noise) and conversion of the digital intensity units to absolute values of concentration (or number) of molecules of interest. To meet the first prerequisite we propose a technique for measurement of signal and noise. This method involves registration of a time series of images of any stationary microscope specimen. The analysis is a multistep process, which separates monotonic, periodic and random components of pixel intensity change. This approach permits simultaneous determination of dark and photonic components of noise. Consequently, confidence interval (total noise estimation) is obtained for every level of signal. The algorithm can also be applied to detect mechanical instability of a microscope and instability of illumination source. The presented technique is combined with a simple intensity standard to provide conversion of relative intensity units into their absolute counterparts (the second prerequisite of quantitative imaging). Moreover, photobleaching kinetics of the standard is used to estimate the power of light delivered to a microscope specimen. Thus, the proposed method provides in one step an absolute intensity calibration, estimate of precision and sensitivity of a microscope system.