Design of wavelet transform based electrocardiogram monitoring system

The new age advancements in information technology due to materials and integrated circuit (IC) technologies and their applications in biomedical sciences have made the healthcare facilities more compact and affordable for the aging population. Market trends in healthcare and related devices indicate a sharp rise in their demand. Hence the researchers have converged the efforts on designing more smart and advanced medical devices using IC technology. Among these devices, cardiac pacemakers have become a recurrent biomedical device which is engrafted in the human body to detect and monitor a person's heart beating rate. The data thus generated is processed for various medical usages and devices via wireless methods. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) or diseases related to the heart are due to abnormalities or disorders of the heart and blood vessels. Till date, limited literature is available which focuses on a single technique that can perform all of the ECG signal denoising, ECG detection, lossless data compression and wireless transmission. In this work, a joint approach for denoising, detection, compression, and wireless transmission of ECG signal is proposed. The modified biorthogonal wavelet transform is used for denoising, detection and lossless compression of ECG signal. To reduce the circuit complexity, biorthogonal wavelet transform is realized using linear phase structure. Further, it is found in this work that the usage of modified biorthogonal wavelet transform increases the detection accuracy and CR of the proposed design. Also, in this work, the Wi-Fi-based wireless protocol is used for compressed data transmission. The proposed ECG detector achieves the highest sensitivity and positive predictivity of 99.95% and 99.92%, respectively, with the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. The use of modified biorthogonal 3.1 wavelet transform and run-length encoding (RLE) for the compression of ECG data achieves a higher compression ratio (CR) of 6.271. To justify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, which uses modified biorthogonal wavelet 3.1transform, the results are compared with the existing methods, namely, Huffman coding/simple predictor, Huffman coding/adaptive, and slope predictor/fixed length packaging.     

基于3D SPIHT的高光谱图像压缩技术研究

高光谱图像作为一种三维图像,其海量数据给存储和传输带来了极大的困难,必须对其进行有效压缩。本文将三维多级树集合分裂（3D SPIHT）算法应用于高光谱图像的压缩。首先根据高光谱图像的特点进行波段分组以得到处理单元,对各组分别进行三维小波变换,去除谱间和谱内冗余,利用3D SPIHT算法对变换后小波系数进行编码,去除系数之间的冗余。通过采用整数小波和浮点小波分别进行无损和有损压缩仿真,实验结果表明,3D SPIHT算法有损压缩较好,且算法具有嵌入式、可伸缩性等优点,但无损压缩性能要逊于基于预测的方法。     

基于Le Gall 5/3小波的图像无损压缩算法研究

对一种无损压缩算法进行了研究,该算法采用整数小波对图像数据进行变换,对小波子带数据进行多级树集合分裂排序(set partitioning in hierarchical trees,SPIHT)编码,实现图像的无损压缩。探讨了图像无损压缩的极限问题,并对图像信息熵进行了估算。采用六幅标准灰度图像对该算法的压缩效果和时间消耗进行测试,结果证明,该算法运算速度快,并能获得较高的压缩比具有一定的实用价值。     

在线压缩感知方法及其在漏磁检测中的应用

以长距离油管的漏磁检测系统为研究对象,研究了漏磁检测数据的在线压缩算法。针对嵌入式在线工作环境下,传统的数据压缩方法难以应用的问题,引入压缩感知(CS)理论,提出了漏磁检测数据在线CS压缩方法。确定了小波基作为漏磁信号的最佳稀疏表示基,并推导了小波稀疏基矩阵的数学表达公式;提出Welch界和PRP共轭梯度算法的测量矩阵优化算法;提出了漏磁检测数据的重要数据段筛选方法,极大地减少了数据存储量。仿真试验证明了所提出在线压缩算法极大地减少了在线环境压缩编码的运算复杂度,具有简单迅速、压缩比高、重构精度高等优点,符合漏磁检测数据在线压缩的实际要求。     

基于改进的最小描述长度小波变换数据压缩

针对电厂数据种类多、数据量大,而实际存储空间有限的情况,提出了一种基于改进最小描述长度（MDL）的小波变换数据压缩方法.该方法根据用户关注的信息特征,对各频段的信息加上不同的权值,以改进最小描述长度函数为准则.通过对电厂负荷数据进行压缩和解压实验,不但选择了合适的小波基函数,而且结果显示出改进MDL方法能够获得优于MDL方法的数据压缩比和重构精度.     

基于3D SPIHT的高光谱图像压缩技术

将三维多级树集合分裂(3D SPIHT)算法用于高光谱图像的压缩。根据高光谱图像的特点进行波段分组以得到处理单元,对各组分别进行三维小波变换,去除谱间和谱内冗余;利用3D SPIHT算法对变换后小波系数进行编码,去除系数之间的冗余。采用整数小波和浮点小波分别进行无损和有损压缩仿真,AVIRIS和OMIS实验结果表明,在bit/pixel为1的条件下,平均PSNR比准三维方法分别高0.91 dB和1.38 dB,且算法具有嵌入式、可伸缩性等优点,但无损压缩的平均bit/pixel比基于预测的方法高0.308和0.159。3D SPIHT算法用于高光谱图像压缩可以获得较好的有损性能,但无损压缩性能逊于基于预测的方法。     

稀疏度拟合的自适应机械振动信号压缩感知

针对利用机械振动信号进行设备故障诊断和状态监测过程中，存在采样数据量多、存储容量大、传输带宽高和信号重构精度低等问题，提出一种稀疏度拟合的自适应机械振动信号压缩感知方法。首先，对机械振动信号进行多尺度小波包变换，再将小波包系数按一定阈值进行置零处理并求取其稀疏度；然后，采用迭代方法求取各稀疏度下满足重构信号精度条件的最低采样率，并对信号的稀疏度和采样率采用最小二乘法进行拟合，消除信号测量误差，求取最佳信号采样率；最后，采用K-奇异值分解算法构造与各信号块相适应的过完备字典，并利用正交匹配追踪算法实现信号重构。实验证明，与传统压缩算法相比较，该算法的信号压缩率和重构精度均得到较大提高。     

基于双正交小波变换QRS波检测方法研究与改进

心电图中QRS波是特征最明显的波形,是医学上诊断症状的重要依据,因此QRS波的正确识别成为心电检测的首要问题。由于心电信号是mV级的微弱信号,易受各种干扰影响;同时,目前常用的小波变换识别QRS波方法,计算量大,对系统要求高。针对这些问题,首先,提出使用双正交B样条小波基对心电信号进行处理,并通过在各尺度波形上检测极大值取代模极大值对的方式,搜索R波;然后,使用MIT-BIH心律失常数据库验证算法效果,并针对验证结果对原始算法进行检测策略的优化,改用自适应阈值的检测方式;同时,引进对部分可疑点搜索模极大值对的检查方法,减少假阳性的情况。算法经MIT-BIH验证,得到98.9%的准确率。     

A Fast and Efficient Approach for Image Compression Using Curvelet Transform

In this paper a novel image compression technique using features of wavelet and curvelet transforms is proposed to improve efficiency and compression performance. Indeed, the curvelet transform is one of the recently developed multiscale transforms which is especially designed to represent efficiently curves and edges in an image. In the proposed method, the compression algorithm involves the Haar wavelet transform to decompose the image into four frequency sub-bands. The lowest frequency sub-band coefficients are processed using Set Partitioning In Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) encoding. Meanwhile, Fast Discrete Curvelet Transform (FDCT) is applied to the remaining frequency sub-bands. The FDCT output coefficients are then quantized according to the sub-band they belong to. The lowest frequency FDCT output coefficients are quantized using Differential Pulse Code Modulation, the medium frequency coefficients are processed using SPIHT, whereas the high frequency coefficients are removed. Experimental results demonstrate that our method provides high performance for edge detection compared to existing techniques particularly for images with abrupt changes. In addition, this new image coding and decoding approach is powerful in terms of computation time. Moreover, the proposed method reveals significant improvement in compression ratio and decoded peak-signal-to-noise-ratio.     

基于同步挤压小波和脉冲压缩的钢轨踏面裂纹电磁超声表面波检测方法研究

钢轨踏面上的疲劳裂纹严重影响着列车行车安全。 针对如何快速有效地检测出踏面斜裂纹的问题,本文提出了一种快 速检测钢轨踏面裂纹的方法。 首先分别建立了含高斯白噪声、正弦信号加高斯白噪声干扰的数学模型,分析了编码脉冲压缩、 同步挤压小波变换和先同步挤压小波变换后脉冲压缩共 3 种信号处理方法的噪音抑制效果。 其次,为了验证上述方法对噪音 的抑制能力,使用激励频率为 1 MHz 的表面波电磁超声换能器对含裂纹的钢轨踏面进行检测。 最后,以检测得到裂纹的超声 回波为研究对象,比较了希尔伯特黄方法处理单一频率脉冲对应的超声回波信号和先同步挤压后脉冲压缩方法对应的降噪能 力和超声成像效果。 实验结果表明:本文所提方法可以获得钢轨踏面裂纹的位置信息及其数量。 希尔伯特黄变换在处理无同 步平均的原始超声回波时,由于回波信噪比低,经验模态分解(EMD)失效。 在以巴克码为激励信号且无同步平均采集的条件 下,先进行同步挤压小波变换后脉冲压缩处理,得到的超声回波信噪比相较于只采用相位编码脉冲压缩提高了 6. 82 dB,相比于 只做同步挤压小波变换提高了 11. 02 dB,能明显提升检测速度和 B 扫图像分辨率。     

Delineation of ECG characteristic features using multiresolution wavelet analysis method

A discrete wavelet transform (DWT) based feature extraction technique in the QT segment of digitized electrocardiograph recordings is proposed. At first, the signal is denoised by decomposing it using DWT technique and discarding the coefficients corresponding to the noise components. A multiresolution approach along with an adaptive thresholding is used for the detection of R-peaks. Then Q, S peak, QRS onset and offset points are identified. Finally, the T wave is detected. By detecting the baseline of the ECG data, height of R, Q, S and T wave are calculated. For R-peak detection, proposed algorithm yields sensitivity and positive predictivity of 99.8% and 99.6% respectively with MIT BIH Arrhythmia database, 99.84% and 99.98% respectively with PTB diagnostic ECG database. For time plane features, an average coefficient of variation of 3.21 is obtained over 150 leads tested from PTB data, each with 10,000 samples.     

机械振动无线传感网络数据分块无损压缩方法

针对目前机械振动无线传感器网络数据无损压缩方法效率低的问题,提出一种数据分块无损压缩方法,该方法主要由数据分割和数据编码组成。传感器网络节点首先对采集的振动数据进行分块处理,利用子带能量自适应量化方法压缩原始数据,以量化压缩数据完成对原始信号的预测;然后将量化数据还原,计算预测差值矩阵;最后,采用线性预测、自适应零游程编码和Range编码对量化压缩数据和差值矩阵进行编码,进一步去除数据冗余。将提出的数据分块无损压缩方法的压缩性能与其他无损压缩方法进行对比,实验结果表明该方法能在资源受限的无线传感器网络节点上有效实现机械振动信号的无损压缩。     

基于DCT变换的图像融合方法研究

提出了一种基于离散余弦变换(DCT)以及一种结合小波变换与DCT变换的图像融合新方法。前者将源图像进行分块DCT变换,依据DCT系数的高频能量,对源图像的对应区域进行融合。后者利用DCT系数的高频能量对小波分解后得到的低频子图进行融合,同时以此为依据对小波最高分解层的小波高频系数进行选择,其他分解层的小波高频系数依据最大局部方差准则进行融合。依照平均误差、峰值信噪比以及均方根误差等客观评价标准,将新方法与其他常用的基于小波变换或DCT变换的融合方法进行了比较。实验结果表明,结合小波变换与DCT变换的图像融合新方法获得的融合效果优于其他方法。该方法与常用的基于小波变换的融合方法相比,其平均误差减少了40.8%~69.5%,峰值信噪比提高了9.9%~15.6%,均方根误差减少了34.8%~47.5%,评价结果与目视效果相吻合,表明该方法能有效地提高图像融合的质量。基于DCT变换的图像融合新方法的融合效果仅次于结合小波变换与DCT变换的图像融合新方法且其计算量相对较少,适用于实时处理。     

心电信号特征点提取的算法研究

基于连续小波变换尺度取值的灵活性以及小波变换模极大值与心电信号特征点之间的对应关系,提出了心电信号特征点提取的新算法。利用Mexican-hat小波,对心电信号进行连续小波变换后,从小波域里取出最有利于特征点检测的尺度分量进行检测,在检测中运用了不应期、可变时间窗等策略以提高该算法的鲁棒性和检测精度。经由具有专家注释的QT心电数据库检测验证,QRS波正确检测率达到了99.7%,对P波和QRS波的起止点以及T波的终止点检测结果的平均标准偏差也在允许偏差范围之内。     

基于首1游程的图像位面并行编码算法

针对宇航应用领域对图像压缩算法计算复杂度的要求,提出一种全新的"首1游程"位面编码算法。该算法将离散小波系数首1比特及以上位面用本文提出带符号自适应二进制游程算法编码,其下位面则不编码,直接输出比特值。为兼容无损压缩,算法采用了空间数据系统咨询委员会(CCSDS)推荐的整数97小波变换。由于考虑了像素间、位面间的数据依赖性,该算法的数据访问次数、编码复杂度等远远低于目前算法。该算法是一种内嵌式编码算法,可通过截断码流来精确控制压缩比,支持码流的渐进性传输。试验数据显示,与CCSDS推荐的图像压缩算法比较,本算法计算复杂度显著降低,而压缩性能却略高,同时还支持位平面间独立并行编码,提高了压缩速度。该算法可以满足宇航应用中高速、高性能、低复杂、低功耗的要求。     

基于多波段预测的高光谱图像分布式无损压缩

提出了一种基于分布式信源编码的高光谱图像无损压缩算法,用于星载高光谱数据的有效压缩.为充分利用高光谱图像较强的谱间相关性,引入多波段谱间线性预测方案获取当前编码块的预测值,有效降低了编码块的最大预测残差值.在此基础上,根据最大预测残差值确定编码块各像素所属陪集的索引,通过传输每个像素所属陪集的索引代替预测残差,实现高光谱图像压缩.对星载可见/红外成像光谱仪(AVIRIS)获取的高光谱图像进行实验,并与已有的典型算法进行比较,结果显示该算法能够取得较好的无损压缩效果,同时具有较低的编码复杂度,适用于星载高光谱图像的无损压缩.     

Gear fault diagnosis using active noise cancellation and adaptive wavelet transform

Acoustic signal from a gear mesh with faulty gears is in general non-stationary and noisy in nature. Present work demonstrates improvement of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) by using an active noise cancellation (ANC) method for removing the noise. The active noise cancellation technique is designed with the help of a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) based Least Mean Square (LMS) adaptive filter. The acoustic signal from the healthy gear mesh has been used as the reference signal in the adaptive filter. Inadequacy of the continuous wavelet transform to provide good time–frequency information to identify and localize the defect has been removed by processing the denoised signal using an adaptive wavelet technique. The adaptive wavelet is designed from the signal pattern and used as mother wavelet in the continuous wavelet transform (CWT). The CWT coefficients so generated are compared with the standard wavelet based scalograms and are shown to be apposite in analyzing the acoustic signal. A synthetic signal is simulated to conceptualize and evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Synthetic signal analysis also offers vital clues about the suitability of the ANC as a denoising tool, where the error signal is the denoised signal. The experimental validation of the proposed method is presented using a customized gear drive test setup by introducing gears with seeded defects in one or more of their teeth. Measurement of the angles between two or more damaged teeth with a high level of accuracy is shown to be possible using the proposed algorithm. Experiments reveal that acoustic signal analysis can be used as a suitable contactless alternative for precise gear defect identification and gear health monitoring.     

一种超光谱图像分层压缩方法

根据超光谱图像有很强谱间相关性的成像特点,设计了一种预测算法结合变换编码算法的图像分层压缩方法。采用几个相邻波段图像共享同一有损图像作为预测图像,克服了预测算法对传输误差的敏感性。预测图像是通过对原始图像进行局部熵为代价函数的四叉树分割后,再经小波变换得到的。用各个原始图像减去共享预测图像来去除谱间相关性,并得到相应残差图像,再对残差图像采用局部离散余弦基变换方法去除空间相关性,实现近无损压缩。研究结果表明,各波段峰值信噪比(PSNR)为40dB左右时,压缩比(CR)高于7.2,分层压缩方法具有很好的压缩效果。     

小波变换在超声成像检测中的应用

研究小波变换在粗晶材料超声成像检测中的应用,为了克服粗晶材料噪声对超声图像质量的影响,利用超声图像小波系数的统计特性,提出了一种自适应子带图像选择算法。该算法提高了基于小波变换的超声图像增强技术的实用性。实验结果表明,在粗晶材料超声成像 通过本算法处理能够得到高质量的超声检测图像。     

基于连续小波变换的瞬时频率提取在光电编码器速度测量中的应用

提出一种新的光电编码器速度测量方法,根据编码器角度测量误差信号中高频分量的渐进特性,通过对角度误差信号进行时频分析,提取编码器的旋转速度。利用功能强大的连续小波变换非平稳信号分析工具,提取角度误差分量的特征。基于连续小波变换,实现了一种称为迭代算法的小波脊提取方法,用于瞬时频率估计。实验结果表明,经过适当的时频分析处理后,角度误差的高频分量可以有效地用于光电编码器的速度测量。该方法能够有效减弱噪声和干扰对测量精度的影响。