CRH380A高速列车会车气动作用力比较

CRH380A是我国自行设计的运行速度可达380km/h的高速列车,它的会车气动特性是否优于其他车型,是否产生更小的会车压力波和更小的会车气动力都还需要比较研究。为此利用数值计算方法,采用三维非稳态、黏性方程与两方程紊流模型,计算分析了CRH380A型高速列车在明线及隧道内会车时各车速下的会车压力波及会车气动力、力矩,并将结果与CRH2、CRH3和ICE列车的会车过程气动载荷比较。结果表明,CRH380A型高速列车具有较好的会车气动特性。     

高速列车隧道会车压力波动问题

高速列车在隧道内会车有可能使列车侧壁上作用比明线会车时大得多的压力波动,原因是隧道入口压力波在隧道内来回传递并与会车形成的压力波叠加在一起形成复杂波系。列车上压力波如何变化,与隧道入口压力波有什么关系,可能达到多大的压力波极值,与会车速度是什么关系,这些一直是未能弄清楚的问题。通过计算流体力学三维数值分析,仿真计算列车在隧道内会车的动态过程,证明入口压力波效应与会车压力波效应的叠加关系,获得隧道内压力波在运动列车上的变化规律,得到隧道内可能的最大负压峰值计算式及其与会车速度的关系式,可为高速铁路隧道和高速列车气动设计提供参考。     

不同类型横风下高速列车气动性能研究

为研究不同类型风载荷下列车空气动力学性能,数值模拟了列车在均匀风和指数风两种不同类型横风作用下的气动特性。建立列车空气动力学模型,通过网格独立性检验选取合适的仿真计算网格。研究均匀风和指数风对列车迎风侧来流速度、列车气动力、车体表面压力和列车周围流场特性的影响。相比指数风载荷,均匀风条件下列车迎风侧来流速度较大,列车受到的侧力和倾覆力矩要大18%左右。通过对比列车在平地、复线路堤两种轨道基础形式上运行时空气动力学性能差异,发现列车在复线路堤背风侧运行时气动性能较差。研究结果表明:均匀风和指数风载荷作用下的列车气动性能差异较大;在横风作用下头车受到的侧力与倾覆力矩最大,且安全性最差;列车在路堤背风侧轨道运行时受到的气动载荷大于平地运行时的列车气动载荷。     

高速列车明线交会时车体振动特性与气动载荷关系研究

会车气动载荷作用下车体垂向振动和横向振动加剧,为了抑制车体振动,需要探究两者之间关系。建立3节编组列车空气动力学模型,采用计算流体力学的数值模拟方法,计算得到会车气动载荷,即气动阻力、气动侧向力、气动升力、侧滚力矩、点头力矩以及摇头力矩。将各方向气动力和气动力矩单独以及共同加载在车体上,进一步分析车体振动特性与气动载荷的关系。研究结果表明:气动载荷作用下,车体垂向振动增大了20%~30%,横向振动增大了3倍多;相比于其他各方向气动力和气动力矩,气动升力和点头力矩是影响车体垂向振动的重要因素,气动侧向力和摇头力矩是影响车体横向振动的重要因素。     

高速列车车体气动载荷疲劳强度分析

根据高速列车在线路运行实际情况设置了四种气动载荷工况:明线会车,隧道通过,隧道会车和侧风。将得到的四种气动载荷工况的数值施加到高速列车车体有限元模型上,对其进行气动载荷的疲劳强度分析。计算分析结果表明,四种工况下的最大应力都小于车体材料的许用应力,最大位移变形均发生在车体底部。在疲劳强度分析中,不仅考虑了垂向、横向和气动载荷的组合,也考虑了纵向和气动载荷的组合。根据疲劳评定结果得知安全裕量最小为2.93MPa,安全系数最小为1.083;根据疲劳分析结果得知:车体结构在气动载荷作用下满足疲劳强度要求,车体承受较恶劣的工况是同时承受气动载荷和纵向载荷。     

高速列车会车压力波对侧窗的影响

高速列车会车时产生的空气压力波动会给交会车辆的侧窗造成很大的冲击,有可能出现破窗事故,给乘客和列车运行带来安全隐患。以三维、非稳态、粘性雷诺时均方程和k-ε两方程紊流模型为基础,采用移动网格的有限体积数值计算方法,仿真分析5种车速(200km/h、250km/h、300km/h、350km/h、400km/h)条件下明线和长隧道内等速会车的动态过程。得到侧窗上完整的会车压力波变化曲线。计算结果表明,明线会车与长隧道内会车产生的压力波对列车侧窗的影响有很大的不同,长隧道内会车时在交会车辆侧窗上产生的气动负压波峰值比明线会车时产生的负压波峰值要大将近一倍,因此不能将明线上会车压力波变化结论外推到隧道内会车情况。以计算结果为基础,分析会车引起破窗的原因和评价侧窗强度的方法。在进行高速列车侧窗设计时,不但要考虑窗玻璃本身的抗冲击强度,还必须考虑列车侧窗的安装强度。相同面积的侧窗,周长大的车窗更有利。     

明线会车压力波幅变化规律研究

两列车高速相向运行过程中产生的气动压力波,有可能对列车及其线路造成不利影响,引起强度问题、运行稳定性问题、轮轨磨损问题和安全问题。特别是高速列车运营以来,世界各国的铁路工作者一直希望了解会车压力波随车速和线路间距等参数的变化规律,但至今仍没有一个统一的认识。依据计算流体力学方程,利用有限体积数值求解方法,仿真分析4.26～5.26 m,6种线路间距,从静止到500 km/h时速的38种会车速度,共计100余种运行工况下的会车过程,获得会车压力波幅系数、正压波幅系数和负压波幅系数与线路间距及列车交会速度间的变化规律,得到任意车速会车时三者间统一的关系式。可为高速列车设计和高速铁路建设提供参考。     

桥梁上高速列车的强横风运行安全性

基于空气动力学和多体系统动力学理论,研究桥梁上高速列车的侧风运行安全性.研究远场气象风速与距轨面4m高、距迎风侧轨道中心线3.8 m远处的高速列车大风监测点的风速的关系;分析侧偏角和桥梁高度对高速列车气动载荷特性的影响;将气动载荷作为外加载荷作用于高速列车动力学模型上,分析桥梁上高速列车的运行安全性,给出高速列车在桥梁上的运行安全域.研究表明,大风监测点处的风速与气象风速成正比关系,且比例系数随着桥梁高度的增加而增大.对于10 m及10 m以上高度的桥梁,当车速一定时,只要大风监测点处的风速相同,高速列车的气动力系数、气动力矩系数和安全指标均与桥梁高度基本无关;对于10 m以下高度的桥梁,当车速一定时,仅由大风监测点处的风速无法确定出高速列车在不同高度桥梁上的气动力系数、气动力矩系数和运行安全指标,必须考虑桥梁高度的影响.当采用大风监测点的风速作为参考风速时,高速列车在低桥梁上运行比在高桥梁上运行偏于危险,应以低桥梁上高速列车的运行安全性来制定铁路沿线不同高度桥梁上高速列车的运行安全域.     

普通快速列车与动车组明线交会压力波特性分析

普通快速列车和动车组由于运行速度和车型的差异,在交会过程中产生的交会压力波与相同车型和车速的动车组交会压力波存在差异,且会车压力波会给交会的普通快速列车和动车组的舒适性和安全性等造成很大的影响,尤其是普通快速列车在以前少有设计的气密性和气密强度等问题都倘未探明,存在潜在风险。基于三维瞬态、非定常的RNG模型,使用计算流体力学软件FLUENT,对普通快速列车时速为140km与动车组时速为250km明线交会时的气动性能进行数值仿真计算。计算结果表明:普通快速列车和动车组交会侧的测点压力在交会过程中会受到两次较大的压力波峰到波谷(或波谷到波峰)的突变;普通快速列车交会侧表面的压力波幅值最大值发生在与动车组鼻尖等高的机车Ⅰ位端司机室与辅助室过渡处;动车组交会侧表面的压力波幅值最大值发生在与普通快速列车底部等高的头车肩部位置;在会车过程中,普通快速列车较动车组受到更大的气动压力作用的影响。     

高速列车单车通过隧道压力波的研究

采用计算流体力学的数值计算方法对基于三维、瞬态、可压缩Navier-Stokes方程和κ-ε两方程紊流模型进行求解,模拟高速列车单车通过隧道时列车外流场的特性,分析高速列车单车通过隧道的压力波特性及阻力变化规律。结果表明列车单车通过隧道的压力波最小负压值与速度为二次函数的关系,列车阻力主要由压差阻力构成。研究结果可为解决隧道空气动力学问题提供参考依据。     

三绕组变压器的双绕组等效建模及在Matpower中的应用

针对实际电网存在着大量的三绕组变压器,但国际上一些著名商业软件,如BPA仿真软件、Matpower这一权威潮流计算开源软件,均只提供双绕组变压器模型,限制了其在具有三绕组变压器的电力系统中的应用的问题,潮流计算是自主开发的电力系统各种应用软件的核心模块,因此依托国际权威开源程序进行二次开发,是一种较好的选择。对Matpower要求的数据格式进行了归纳,对变压器的一般的等值电路及带理想变压器的等值电路和带标幺值的等值电路进行了分析研究,提出了三绕组变压器转换为双绕组等效模型的建模方法,使得原先只适应双绕组变压器的潮流计算软件可以适用于三绕组变压器电网的潮流计算;最后以Matpower软件为例进行了案例计算,并用PSASP仿真软件进行对比验证。研究结果证明,所提出的建模方法是有效的。     

On the Relation of Load to Average Gap in the Contact Between Surfaces with Longitudinal Roughness

A computer simulation model for the contact between longitudinally-oriented rough surfaces has been formulated. This model closely duplicates the actual surf ace contact deformation behavior by taking into account the elastic interactions between the asperities. There were no assumptions made about the shapes, or any deformation behavior of the asperities, except for their obeying the laws of elasticity. The plastic deformations on the high asperity peaks were taken into account by setting a ceiling on their contact pressures at the material hardness value. The simulations used real surface profiles which were digitized from unworn circumferentially ground steel surfaces. Each pair of these profiles was mathematically combined to form an equivalent rough profile pressing against an infinitely rigid flat and having the appropriately adjusted elastic modulus. A total of 28 different pairs of profiles were used in the simulations. Each contacting pair was subjected to 30 different load levels and the local contact pressures and deformations were calculated. The contact simulations yielded some important mathematical relationships between parameters, such as the real area of contact, average gap, and average asperity load through statistical curve fitting. Two analytical functions were generated to relate the average load to average gap and the real area of contact to load.     

电站锅炉模糊风险评价方法研究与应用

针对电站锅炉风险等级评价问题,将模糊综合评价技术应用到电站锅炉风险等级评价中。开展了电站锅炉失效影响因素及模糊评价因素的重要程度分析,建立了一套科学合理适于在线评价的电站锅炉风险评价体系,提出了模糊综合评价技术与改进的模糊层次分析法相结合的模糊风险评价方法,利用改进的模糊层次分析法计算了指标体系中各层指标权重。对某一台电站锅炉的实际运行工况影响子因素进行了模糊风险评价,采用模糊合成算子进行模糊综合运算得到电了站锅炉运行工况影响子因素的评价向量。研究结果表明:电站锅炉的运行工况影响子因素的风险评价等级为第6级,失效可能性等级为小,该电站锅炉运行工况良好。     

交通荷载作用下桥梁结构参数识别方法

应用动力节点加载法,将作用在桥梁上的交通荷载转化为等效节点荷载,再用两步构造法识别结构物理参数.第1步,用Newmark-β方法变换结构运动方程,并用结构的加速度响应求得变换空间内的位移、速度和加速度响应;第2步,基于最小二乘原理,构造出变换空间内求解结构参数的递推式,进行结构物理参数识别.数值模拟结果表明,在交通荷载作用下,该方法能够快速、准确地进行桥梁结构参数识别.     

RLS and LMS blind adaptive multi-user detection method and comparison in acoustic communication

RLS and LMS blind adaptive multi-user detection algorithm and multi-user detector was proposed to solve the problem of multi-user signal detection problem encountered in underwater acoustic communication networks.In simulation analysis,RLS and the LMS blind adaptive multi-user detector were designed and tested for synchronous and asynchronous multi-user communication process.The results of SIR comparison and MMSE comparison show that,both of the two methods can realize blind adaptive detection when any user change in multi-user communication,during this process,the training communication sequences are not needed.The RLS algorithm has about 5 dB higher in SIR compared with LMS algorithm,and the convergence velocity of RLS algorithm is also higher than LMS algorithm when the communication users change.RLS algorithm has better ability in multi-user detection than that of LMS algorithm,and it has great attraction and guiding significance for solving the problem of multiple access interference(MAI) in multi-user communication.     

Robust Impedance Control of Robots Using an Adaptive Interaction Force Observer

For robot interaction control,the interaction force between the robot and the manipulated object or environment should be monitored.Impedance control is a type ...     

Research on key techniques of expendable conductivity temperature depth measuring system

This paper analysis the developing of expendable conductivity temperature depth measuring system(XCTD)and introduce its principle of measuring about temperature,salinity and depth of ocean.Some key techniques are put forward.According to the real needs of XCTD,conductivity sensor with high sensitivity is designed by principle of electromagnetic induce,the ocean conductivity from induced electromotive force has been calculated.Adding temperature correction circuit would help to reduce error of conductivity measurement because of sharply changing temperature.Advanced temperature measuring circuit of high precision and the constant current source is used to weaken effect of self-heating of resistance and fluctuation of the source.On respect of remote data transmission,LVDS is a good choice for the purpose of guarantee the quality of data transmitted and the transmission distance is reaching to thousand meters in the seawater.Modular programming method is also brought into this research aimed at improve the stability,reliability and maintainability of the whole measuring system.In February,2015,the trials in South China Sea demonstrate that the developed XCTD realize effective measurement at a speed of 6 knots and detection depth at 800 m.The consistency coefficient of the acquired data is greater than 0.99 and the success rate of probe launching is above 90%.     

CHARACTERISTCS OF FLUID FILM IN OPTIMIZED SPIRAL GROOVE MECHANICAL SEAL

In order to investigate the sealing performance variation resulted from the thermal deformation of the end faces, the equations to calculate the fluid film pressure distribution, the bearing force and the leakage rate are derived, for the fluid film both in parallel gap and in wedgy gap. The geometrical parameters of the sealing members are optimized by means of heat transfer analysis and complex method. The analysis results indicate that the shallow spiral grooves can generate hydrodynamic pressure while the rotating ring rotates and the bearing force of the fluid film in spiral groove end faces is much larger than that in the flat end faces. The deformation increases the bearing force of the fluid film in flat end faces, but it decreases the hydrodynamic pressure of the fluid film in spiral groove end faces. The gap dimensions which determine the characteristics of the fluid film is obtained by coupling analysis of the frictional heat and the thermal deformation in consideration of the equilibrium condition of the bearing force and the closing force. For different gap dimensions, the relationship between the closing force and the leakage rate is also investigated, based on which the leakage rate can be controlled by adjusting the closing force.     

OPTIMIZATION METHOD ON IMPELLER MERIDIONAL CONTOUR AND 3D BLADE

An optimization method for 3D blade and meridional contour of centrifugal or mixed-flow impeller based on the 3D viscous computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is proposed. The blade is indirectly parameterized using the angular momentum and calculated by inverse design method. The design variables are separated into two categories: the meridional contour design variables and the blade design variables. Firstly, only the blade is optimized using genetic algorithm with the meridional contour remained constant. The artificial neural network (ANN) techniques with the training sample data schemed according to design of experiment theory are adopted to construct the response relation between the blade design variables and the impeller performance. Then, based on the ANN approximated relation between the meridional contour design variables and impeller performance, the meridional contour is optimized. Fewer design variables and less calculation effort is required in this method that may be widely used in the optimization of three-dimension impellers. An optimized impeller in a mixed-flow pump, where the head and the efficiency are enhanced by 12.9% and 4.5% respectively, confirms the validity of this newly proposed method.     

5083H111轧制铝合金的低周疲劳行为

在室温下对5083H111轧制铝合金板三个典型方向——轧制方向(RD方向)、与轧制方向成45°角方向(MD方向)、垂直于轧制方向(TD方向)的试样进行了单轴对称应变控制的低调疲劳试验,研究了不同方向试样的循环变形行为和疲劳寿命差异。结果表明:铝合金板在三个方向上都表现出了明显的循环硬化特性,即在恒定的应变幅下,三个方向的响应应力幅均随着循环次数的增加而增大,并且外加应变幅越大,响应应力幅也越大;三个方向的低周疲劳ε-Nf曲线差别不明显;三参数幂函数寿命模型可以很好地预测5083H111铝合金的低周疲劳寿命。