Unit Commitment by improved pre-prepared power demand table and Muller method

This paper proposes a new methodology for solving Unit Commitment (UC) problem. In the proposed approach, Improved Pre-prepared Power Demand (IPPD) table solves the UC problem and then the Muller method solves the Economic Dispatch (ED) sub-problem. The proposed method has been tested on 3-, 10-, 38- and 40-100 units. Comparison of the simulation results of the proposed method with the results of previous published methods shows that the proposed method provides better solution with less computational time.     

Aqueous,interfacial, and electrochemical polymerization pathways of aniline with thiophene: Nano size materials for supercapacitor

Aniline was mixed with thiophene and oxidized by ammonium persulfate in the presence of sulfuric acid via an aqueous polymerization pathway (PAT‐AP). Aqueous polymerization was also carried by sodium lauryl sulfate surfactant, and also by interfacial and electrochemical polymerization pathways. Polymers prepared were characterized by physical, spectral, and electrochemical methods. Nanofibers (30–60 nm diameter) was obtained in the case of aqueous polymerization pathway, whereas interfacial (40–60 nm) and electrochemical polymerization pathways show particulate (500–600 nm) morphology. Polymer samples were used as electrode materials in supercapacitor. Among the four different pathways, PAT‐AP nanofibers show higher capacitance of 614 F g^?1 at 1 mV s^?1. The values of specific capacitance, energy, and power densities of PAT‐AP were found to be 400 F g^?1, 20 W h kg^?1 and 1200 W kg^?1, respectively, at a current density of 2 A g^?1. The retention capacitance is 78% after completion of 1000 cycles. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42013.     

Synthesis of copolymer of aniline and pyrrole by inverted emulsion polymerization method for supercapacitor

Copolymer of aniline and pyrrole was synthesized by inverted emulsion polymerization method by oxidizing aniline and pyrrole using benzoyl peroxide in presence of sodium laurylsulphate surfactant and p‐toluenesulphonic acid. Copolymer samples were characterized by infrared, X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic techniques and compared their properties with the corresponding homopolymers. The optimum reaction conditions for the preparation of copolymer with reasonably good yield (1.72 g) and conductivity (7.3 × 10^?2 S/cm) were established. The synthesis procedure was extended to prepare copolymer samples using various protonic acids. Electrochemical characterization such as cyclic voltammetry, charge‐discharge and impedance were carried out on symmetrical supercapacitor cell consists of poly(aniline‐co‐pyrrole)‐p‐toluenesulfonic acid salt, wherein, the copolymer salt was synthesized using equal amount of aniline and pyrrole monomers. The values of specific capacitance, energy and power densities for poly(aniline‐co‐pyrrole)‐p‐toluenesulfonic acid system (PANI‐PPy) were calculated from charge‐discharge studies and are found to be 21 F/g, 5.7 Wh/Kg and 100 W/Kg respectively. Impedance analysis showed specific capacitance value (57 F/g) at 0.01 Hz at 0.22 V. Among the copolymer salts, copolymer prepared with sulfuric acid showed higher capacitance (66 F/g). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

High‐temperature oxidation of aniline to highly ordered polyaniline–sulfate salt with a nanofiber morphology and its use as electrode materials in symmetric supercapacitors

In this study, for the first time, aniline was oxidized by ammonium persulfate (APS) at higher temperatures without any protic acid, and APS acted as an oxidizing agent and a protonating agent. During the oxidation of aniline by APS, sulfuric acid formation occurred, and the sulfuric acid was incorporated into polyaniline (PANI) as a dopant. PANI–sulfate samples were characterized by IR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. In this methodology, a highly ordered PANI–sulfate salt (H₂SO₄) with a nanofiber morphology was synthesized. Interestingly, a PANI base was also obtained with a highly ordered structure with an agglomerated netlike nanofiber morphology. PANI–H₂SO₄ was used as an electrode material in a symmetric supercapacitor cell. Electrochemical characterization, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), charge–discharge (CD), and impedance analysis, was carried out on the supercapacitor cells. In this study, the maximum specific capacitance obtained was found to be 273 F/g at 1 mV/s. Scan rate from cyclic voltammetry and 103 F/g at 1 mA discharge current from CD measurement. Impedance measurement was carried out at 0.6 V, and it showed a specific capacitance of 73.2 F/g. The value of the specific capacitance and energy and power densities for the PANI–H₂SO₄ system were calculated from CD studies at a 5‐mA discharge rate and were found to be 43 F/g, 9.3 W h/kg, and 500 W/kg, respectively, with 98–100% coulombic efficiency. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

基于启发搜索空间遗传算法的安全控制最优潮流方法

提出了一种新的可用于安全控制最优潮流问题的遗传算法。该算法应用了一个全新的启发式搜索空间技术,具有更快的收敛速度,缩减了计算的负担。实验采用IEEE 30 bus系统,并以传统的简单遗传算法（SGA）,自适应遗传算法（AGA）,粒子群技术（PSO）,差别演变（DE）作为进行实验比较,结果表明,在具有以及不具有（N-1）断电的偶然性的实例分析中,本文所提算法有更好的鲁棒性,在优化问题上有较好的应用前景。     

Equal embedded algorithm for economic load dispatch problem with transmission losses

This paper presents equal embedded algorithm (EEA) to solve the economic dispatch (ED) problem with quadratic and cubic fuel cost functions and transmission losses. The proposed algorithm involves selection of lambda values, then the expressions of output powers of generators are derived in terms of lambda by interpolation and finally optimal value of lambda is evaluated from the power balance equation by Muller method. The proposed method is implemented and tested by considering 3, 15 and 26 generators to solve the ED problem. Simulation results such as quality of solution, convergence characteristic and computation time of the proposed method are compared with some existing methods like genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Lambda iterative method. It is observed from different case studies that the proposed EEA algorithm provides the qualitative solution with less computational time irrespective of the size of the system.