技术进步不断释放更多的资源

技术进步正在使公司能够从前些年开发不经济的资源中提取更多的气和油。这些资源包括在致密砂层、页岩层和碳酸盐岩层发掘的气；超重油；来自（需要强化采油或提高采收率技术的）成熟油田的增产油量。 石油工程师学会（SPE）年度工艺技术（the SPE Annual Technology）（2007年儿月11—14日）的各种论文提供了对这些公司使用或将要使用便于这些资源开采的技术的深入了解。     

On Teaching Structure Systems

A non-mathematical structures course at the University of Oregon attempts to explore the behavior of complete structure systems and their architectural implications. As a study of comparative structures, the course aims to equip the student with an overview of all structure systems.

Emphasis is placed on identifying the basic criteria of each structure system, judicious use of and creative development of structures. Model construction and graphic comparisons are the primary methods used in reaching understanding of natural and technical structures.     

Spectral evaluation of total phenolic components in Vitis vinifera: Grapes and wines

Whereas high levels of flavonoid extractives are responsible for the characteristic λ_Dmax at about 280 nm in the ultra-violet spectra of red wines, there is wide variability in the spectral features of natural white wines, in which the phenolic content is often minimal. For the latter, λ_Dmax may occur anywhere within the range 265–285nm, with relatively strong absorbance at 320 nm arising from the presence of hydroxycinnamate esters. Massive fining of many white wines and juices with polyvinylpyrrolidone (10% w/v) has shown residual non-phenolic u.v. absorbing constituents to be sufficiently uniform to enable direct spectral measurement of total hydroxycinnamates in white juices, white wines and rosés as (E₃₂₀-1.4) absorbance units. For white grape juices and white wines, total hydroxycinnamates are directly quantitated as mg litre^?1 ‘caffeic acid equivalents’ and total flavonoid extractives may also be estimated. Total phenolic components of red wines are accounted as (E₂₈₀-4) absorbance units. The spectral interpretations enable comparative estimation of flavonoid extractives in all natural wine types.     

Color Fastness of Dyed Raw Linen Cloth Modified with Enzymes

Green thinking looks to develop alternatives with higher environmental advantage that traditional materials or processes. The present experimental studies are directed to investigation of dyeing the linen fabric prepared with modification with enzymes. In the research, 1% and 2% solution of cellulase enzyme Beizym ENC-SB （garment auxiliary of enzymes mixture of CHT R. BEITLICH GmbH/BEZEMA AG） and pectinase Beisol PRO （enzymes mixture for cleaning cellulose fibers of CHT R. BE1TLICH GmbH） enzyme solutions were used. The main objective of this work is focus on results studies of enzyme influence on dyeing of flax fabric with direct Solphenyl dye triade Blue FGLE （economical, fairly good light fast blue, main trichromatic component for medium shades with high wash fastness）, Scarlet BNLE （economical scarlet, main trichromatic component for medium to dark shades） 200%, and Yellow GLE （very bright neutral yellow, main trichromatic component for high wash fastness requirements）. The dye-bath exhaustion, color fastness to rubbing and washing were estimated. The color parameters before and after tests were calculated.     

Gross interference by sulphur dioxide in standard determinations of wine phenolics

There is a very strong interaction between sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and 0-dihydroxy phenols in response to the Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric assay, currently the established procedure for analysis of total phenols in wines and plant extracts. Because of this previously unsuspected interference, the method is shown to be generally quite invalid in application to white wines; measures of total phenols may be magnified several-fold by the SO₂ artefact. By use of model solutions, it has been shown that the extent of interference depends primarily on the molar ratio of SO₂:0-dihydroxy phenols. The mechanism of the artefact can be interpreted with reference to the chemistry of the photographic process, in which the oxidation-reduction reactions involved in image development are similarly mediated by the presence of bisulphite in alkaline solution.