Conversion of fructose and glucose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural catalyzed by a solid heteropolyacid salt

A solid heteropolyacid salt Ag₃PW₁₂O₄₀ has been used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from fructose and glucose. The fructose was selectively dehydrated into HMF with the HMF yield as high as 77.7% and selectivity of 93.8% within 60 min at 120 °C. In addition, Ag₃PW₁₂O₄₀ also exhibited catalytic activity for conversion of glucose into HMF. Moreover, the catalyst is tolerant to high concentration feedstock and can be recycled. The results illustrate that the Ag₃PW₁₂O₄₀ is an excellent acid and environmentally benign solid catalyst for the production of HMF from fructose and glucose.     

Microstructure and electrical properties of (Na0.5K0.5)1−2xMgxNbO3–Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics

0.975[(Na_0.5K_0.5)_1−2xMg_xNbO₃]–0.025(Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃) (KNMN–BNT, x=0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05) lead-free piezoelectric ceramics were fabricated by the conventional solid-state sintering method. The dependence of Mg content on the microstructure and electrical properties of the ceramics is investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that an appropriate amount of Mg diffused into the KNN–BNT lattice to form a stable solid solution, the ceramics possessed a pure perovskite structure, and a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) between the orthorhombic and tetragonal phases was observed with the composition of 0.02≤x≤0.05. The orthorhombic–tetragonal transition temperature (T_O–T) is less than 95 °C and the Curie temperature (T_c) is almost unchanged (~360 °C) with the increase of MgO content. The ceramics with x=0.02 showed enhanced piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties because of close proximity to the MPB, i.e., d₃₃~210 pC/N, k_p~0.41, 2E_c~22.4 kV/cm and 2P_r~39.2 μC/cm². Moreover, the dielectric properties exhibited optimal effects with x=0.02, that is ε_r~637 and tan δ~0.09. These results indicate that the introduction of MgO is an effective method to improve the density as well as the electrical properties and the temperature stability of the KNN–BNT ceramics. As a result, the KNMN–BNT ceramic is a promising candidate for lead-free piezoelectric materials.     

表面活性剂对气液传质的影响

引言在气液相际传质的研究中,有许多有关表面活性剂能降低传质膜系数的报道．Davies在其《湍动现象》一书中做了较为详细的讨论,Davies认为,少量的表面活性剂使界面产生一层附加的薄膜,这层薄膜产生的应力将阻碍表面运动．实际上,气液相际传质通常总是伴有或强或弱的界面湍动,表面活性剂不仅改变界面湍动状况,而且对近界面浓度也有较大的影响．本文利用显微激光全息干涉技术对比进行了研究．1实验1.1装置液体折射率与密度有关,只要测出物场中的折射率变化,就可得到其浓度场的信息．利用激光全息干涉技术不仅可以测定浓度场的变化…     

纳米金刚石硼掺杂的制备及表征

本文采用高温真空扩散法制备了纳米金刚石硼掺杂。采用热重分析仪、X射线光电子能谱仪、X射线衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、智能型拉曼光谱仪、透射电子显微电镜等技术手段对制备的产物进行表征。结果表明,产物主要包含C、O、B元素,其质量分数为92.08%,7.14%,0.78%。纳米金刚石硼掺杂的XRD图谱中除了金刚石(111)D、(220)D衍射峰外,还有六方金刚石(100)D的衍射峰。B原子的引入造成纳米金刚石的缺陷增多,引起G峰移至1620cm-1。硼原子在金刚石中以两种状态存在,分别是C-B碳的取代原子和B-O的间隙硼原子。掺杂后的纳米金刚石颗粒形状形貌无明显变化,粒径为2~10nm,有少部分立方金刚石的存在。总而言之,硼的掺杂使得纳米金刚石的初始氧化温度提高了175℃,氧化速度缓慢,热稳定性能提高。     

美国丹佛市十六街的复苏与再造

美国科罗拉多州丹佛市十六街采取分区规划、街灯与绿树交错、色彩搭配等设计手法及丹佛伙伴组织的经营管理理念,成功地再造了条商业繁荣,交通便捷、景观丰富的步行街,为居民提供了个舒适宜人的都市空间环境,带动了邻近街区的发展。