Measurement of the mass transfer coefficient at workpiece surfaces in heat treatment furnaces

The mass (e.g. carbon) transfer coefficient at a workpiece surface is an important kinetic factor to control the heat treatment process of the workpiece and to evaluate heat treatment equipment. The coefficient can be calculated from the carbon concentration at the surface of a sample carburized in a carburizing furnace for a given time. Two common measurement methods which use a thin plate and employ a component as samples respectively are evaluated and compared for sensitivity and uncertainty. The comparison shows that the use of a component produces higher measurement precision and also has the advantage in measuring the carbon transfer coefficients at different treated positions. This method is then extended and discussed methodologically. Also two equations are proposed to calculate the carbon transfer coefficient and its uncertainty, respectively. This method is also applied to measure the carbon transfer coefficient in a fluidized bed heat treatment furnace.     

焊接工艺对SMA490BW耐候钢接头腐蚀行为的影响

目的 研究转向架焊接构架用SMA490BW耐候钢及其在不同焊接工艺条件下制得的焊接接头在模拟工业大气环境下的腐蚀行为。方法 采用周浸腐蚀试验方法,利用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）和能谱（EDS）等方法,研究了腐蚀产物的表面形貌、锈层结构及相组成。结果 在模拟工业大气环境条件下,SMA490BW耐候钢母材、自动MAG焊接头、手工MAG焊接头的腐蚀失重率呈先增后减的变化规律,其中自动MAG焊接头腐蚀失重率最小,手工MAG焊接头腐蚀失重率最大,而SMA490BW耐候钢母材居于两者之间。耐候钢母材及其焊接接头腐蚀产物的相组成均为γ-FeOOH、α-FeOOH、Fe2O3和Fe3O4。经过150 h腐蚀后,耐候钢母材及其焊接接头腐蚀产物中Cr、Ni、Cu合金元素含量有所差异,其中自动MAG焊焊缝腐蚀产物中Cr、Ni、Cu合金元素含量最高,分别为1.79%、0.23%、0.17%。Cr、Ni、Cu合金元素将直接对耐候钢母材及其焊接接头耐腐蚀性产生影响。结论 与手工MAG焊接头相比,自动MAG焊接头耐蚀性较高的主要原因是焊缝中主要抑制锈层腐蚀的Cr、Ni、Cu合金元素含量较高。     

镁合金蜂窝板隔声性能分析

采用AZ31镁合金板材、AZ31镁合金蜂窝芯、铝合金蜂窝芯制备了镁合金蜂窝板和镁-铝蜂窝板,并测定具有不同结构参数的蜂窝板的隔声性能。预期高隔声镁合金蜂窝板应用于交通运输装备上,将可提高地板或壁板的减振降噪能力,极大改善乘坐的舒适性,提高能源效率。     

Piezoelectric and mechanical properties of CaO reinforced porous PZT ceramics with one-dimensional pore channels

The formation of capillaries in sodium alginate gels is a dissipative process driven by unidirectional diffusion of divalent cations into sodium alginate sols. In the present work, we have prepared 3-1 type porous lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics with oxides (CaO) being doped on a molecular level from the dissipative process by incorporating PZT particles into the sodium alginate gel matrix. By varying the concentration of cation solutions (CaCl₂) from 0.5 mol/L to 2.5 mol/L, both the microstructure, doping amount of oxides (CaO) and crystalline phase of the porous PZT ceramics were tailored. Accordingly, increase in the concentration of Ca²⁺ has led to a reduction in the relative permittivity (ε_r) first, and then an increase, while the piezoelectric coefficient (d₃₃ and d₃₁) demonstrated an opposite variation tendency. The prepared samples possessed a maximal HFOM value of 4755×10^–15 Pa⁻¹ when the concentration of Ca²⁺ was 1.0 mol/L. Addition of CaO was found to improve the compressive strength of porous PZT ceramics, which was preferential to promoting the stability and reliability for application.     

Ce–Ti catalysts modified with copper and vanadium to effectively remove slip NH3 and NOx from coal-fired plants

In this work, V/Ce–Ti catalysts were modified with different kinds of transition metals (Cu, Fe, Co, Mn) by sol–gel and impregnation methods. The NH₃ oxidation performance of them was tested to select the most active catalyst in NH₃-selective catalytic oxidation (NH₃–SCO). The effect of NO, SO₂ and H₂O was also investigated. The experimental results indicate that 1% Cu–V/Ce–Ti catalyst exhibits the most significant ability to remove slip ammonia discharged from coal-fired plants and its NH₃ conversion efficiency reaches 90% at 300 °C. In addition, 97% NO_x can be removed when NO is introduced in the gas. Cu–V/Ce–Ti catalyst also obtains good resistance to H₂O and SO₂. Based on the characterization experiment, the introduced Cu and V are highly dispersed on Ce–Ti catalyst and they can increase the redox properties and the number of acidic sites. Besides, the redox cycles among Cu, V and Ce species on Cu–V/Ce–Ti catalyst surface are conducive to generating more active oxygen and promoting the oxidation capacity of the catalyst.     

网格不敏感结构应力的焊接疲劳数据分布

为分析网格不敏感结构应力的焊接疲劳S-N数据分布具有高收敛性的机理,基于钛合金焊接接头疲劳试验数据,分别基于名义应力、主S-N曲线法中的结构应力及等效结构应力建立焊接疲劳数据坐标,并以最小二乘法拟合S-N曲线,应用粗糙集分析方法,以接头类型、相对板厚、载荷比、应力比等焊接疲劳主要影响因素作为条件属性,以疲劳数据对于S-N曲线的偏离度作为决策属性,对基于三种应力的焊接疲劳数据分布规律对比分析.结果表明,基于网格不敏感等效结构应力所建立的S-N数据分布更为集中和均匀,在预测焊接接头疲劳寿命方面具有更高的准确性.     

Effects of slurry composition on the properties of 3-1 type porous PZT ceramics prepared by ionotropic gelation

In this study, 3-1 type lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics with one-dimensional pore channels were produced by ionotropic gelation process of alginate/PZT suspensions. By increasing the sodium alginate concentration from 1.0wt% to 3.0 wt%, the alginate/PZT suspensions turned from Newtonian to non-Newtonian behavior with substantial increase in apparent viscosity. Accordingly, 3-1 type PZT ceramics with porosity decreasing from 56.78% to 41.44% were obtained, while the pore size distribution became non-uniform gradually. Based on the structural features, the 3-1 type PZT ceramics possessed much higher relative permittivity (ε_r) than that of 3-0 or 3-3 type PZT ceramics with similar porosities. Increase in the porosity led to a moderate decline in the longitudinal piezoelectric strain coefficient (d₃₃), a reduction in the dielectric loss factor (tan δ), and a high value of hydrostatic strain coefficient (d_h). As a result, the 3-1 type PZT ceramics possessed a maximal hydrostatic figure of merit (HFOM) value of 5597×10^–15 Pa⁻¹ when the porosity was 56.78%, which may be of help for low frequency hydrophones applications.     

火焰调修工艺对转向架用钢SMA490BW性能的影响

采用火焰调修工艺对高速动车组转向架用钢SMA490BW材料进行了变形调修,并对不同加热温度后进行喷水冷却的材料组织和性能进行研究。结果表明:经火焰调修后,屈服强度、抗拉强度和延伸率都满足SMA490BW规定的要求,呈延性断裂特征,未改变材料断裂的特征属性。随着火焰加热温度的升高,材料的屈服强度、抗拉强度变化不大,断后伸长率有所降低。当火焰加热温度为750℃～850℃时,处于Ac1与Ac3的双相区,冷却后的组织为细化的铁素体、珠光体和少量粒状贝氏体以及少量的原始块状铁素体。当温度达到900℃时,加热温度超过Ac3,由于奥氏体快速冷却形成的贝氏体含量增加,导致材料冲击韧性降低。退火工艺对金相组织结构没有影响,但可以消除内应力,降低硬度,从而改善塑性和韧性。     

Formation of linearly linked Fe clusters on Si(111)-7?×?7-C2H5OH surface

The Fe atoms were deposited on the Si(111)-7 × 7 surface, which has been saturated with the C₂H₅OH molecules. Then, the Fe clusters were formed on Si(111)-7 × 7-C₂H₅OH surface and in situ observed by the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The STM images showed that with the increase of Fe clusters, the size of clusters was about 5 nm and they self-assembled in straightly linked chain crossing the step to lower or upper terrace. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was in situ carried out on the surface of Fe/Si(111)-7 × 7-C₂H₅OH samples before and after the introduction of thin air (4.5 × 10^-2 Langmuir) into the STM chamber. The XPS results showed that the Fe clusters are stable in the abovementioned thin air condition at room temperature. Based on the STM and XPS results, the driving force making one-dimensional straightly linked chain structure might be the magnetic force of the Fe clusters. The formation of straightly linked Fe clusters chains suggests the formation of single magnetic domain Fe clusters.

PACS

07.79.Cz, 81.15.-z, 75.75.Fk