Electrochemical polarization study on crude oil pipeline corrosion by the produced water with high salinity

The effects of chloride ion, temperature, pH value, CO₂ and O₂ on the corrosion induced leakage of the inner wall of crude oil pipeline with the produced water were investigated by electrochemical polarization. The results showed that chloride ion corrosion would gradually experience the smooth invariant stage, the slow rise stage, and the rapid rise stage which due to the chloride ion destroy the corrosion product film. The corrosion rate would reach a maximum when the temperature was 65 °C or the pH value was 3.5. O₂ was the dominant factor induced the increase of corrosion rate when compared with the effect of CO₂. Moreover, long term and periodic (30 consecutive days) electrochemical CO₂ corrosion tests suggested that the CO₂ corrosion rate reached a maximum at 4 days. The obtained results would facilitate the formulation of control measures for pipeline corrosion in the oil field.     

Experimental investigation of the failure mechanism of P110SS casing under opposed line load

Many studies focused on casing collapse strength under uniform load have been done, and the API 5C3 and ISO standards have been formed. However, only a limited number of researches on collapse failure mechanism of casing have been done under non-uniform load, especially experimental study, although the non-uniform load has a great impact on casing collapse strength. Hence, the collapse experiment is conducted for P110SS casing under opposed line load by using electro hydraulic servo pressure testing machine. The displacement variation rules of P110SS casing have been obtained under opposed line load. The strain of casing is measured in the process of collapse testing by the method of gluing strain-gauge on the outside surface of P110SS casing. The initial yield load of casing, instability load of casing and the yield load, stress-hardening rate, strain-hardening rate of casing after hardening are obtained. The stress-strain rules of casing after hardening are analyzed. The hardening characteristic and collapse failure mechanism of P110SS casing have been clarified under non-uniform load (under opposed line load). Experimental results can provide important references for the theoretical study on failure mechanism and collapse strength of casing under non-uniform load.     

六级分支井分岔装置的选材

多分支井目前已成为油气田开发的重要技术。在研发过程中发现,分岔装置的选材是影响六级分支井在油气田能否成功应用的关键。根据ASME锅炉和压力容器规范的两倍弹性斜率准则,采用有限元软件Marc研究了IF钢、10CrMnMoSi双相钢及2205双相不锈钢制备的六级分支井分岔装置的爆破失效与结构失稳问题。结果表明,IF钢不能满足六级分支井分岔装置打压要求,10CrMnMoSi双相钢及2205双相不锈钢都能够满足分岔装置设计及制作工艺要求,并且通过打压实验验证了模拟结果的可靠性。因此,应当优选高强度、高塑性的材料作为六级分支井分岔装置的设计及制备材料。     

Insights into the visible light photocatalytic activity of S-doped hydrated TiO2

Cationic doping of TiO₂ anatase with sulphur represents a facile method to improve catalytic and photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production and extend the action spectrum of TiO₂ into the visible light region. However, there is a lot of misunderstanding when trying to explain the experimental findings and suggest theoretical models. In the present computational research work, novel theoretical models are put forward representing fully hydroxylated small anatase nanoparticles with S(IV) and S(VI) doping in various surface positions and in the bulk. It was found that sulfur in the doped anatase nanoparticles preserves its typical coordination geometries of trigonal pyramid for S(IV) and tetrahedron for S(VI). Doping in the anatase surface is much more energetically favorable compared to doping in the bulk. Doping with S(IV) causes decrease of the band gap from 3.22 to 2.65 eV while S(VI) doping could decrease E_g only to 2.96 eV. Location of photogenerated electrons and holes depends strongly on the position of dopant atoms and their valent state. Contrary to some experimental works, no strong and extended visible light absorption bands could be found with cationic doped hydroxylated anatase nanoparticles. However, improved charges separation is observed indeed and causes improved photocatalytic hydrogen production.     

On the capabilities and limitations of predictive,multi-zone combustion models for hydrogen-diesel dual fuel operation

Compared with traditional hydrocarbon fuels, hydrogen provides a high-energy content and carbon-free source of energy rendering it an attractive option for internal combustion engines. Co-combusting hydrogen with other fuels offers significant advantages with respect to thermal efficiency and carbon emissions.This study seeks to investigate the potential and limitations of multi-zone combustion models implemented in the GT-Power software package to predict dual fuel operation of a hydrogen-diesel common rail compression ignition engine. Numerical results for in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate were compared with experimental data. A single cylinder dual-fuel model was used with hydrogen being injected upstream of the intake manifold. During the simulations low (20 kW), medium (40 kW) and high (60 kW) load conditions were tested with and without exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and at a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm. Both single and double diesel injection strategies were examined with hydrogen energy share ratio being varied from 0 to 57% and 0–42 respectively. This corresponds to a range in hydrogen air-equivalence ratios of approximately 0–0.29.The results show that for the single-injection strategy, the model captures in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate with good accuracy across the entire load and hydrogen share ratio range. However, it appears that for high hydrogen content in the charge mixture and equivalence ratios beyond the lean flammability limit, the model struggles to accurately predict hydrogen entrainment leading to underestimated peak cylinder pressures and heat release rates. For double-injection cases the model shows good agreement for hydrogen share ratios up to 26%. However, for higher energy share ratios the issue of erroneous hydrogen entrainment into the spray becomes more accentuated leading to significant under-prediction of heat release rate and in-cylinder pressure.     

水镁石纤维增强油井水泥石性能研究

分别对不同长度水镁石纤维油井水泥浆的流动性、API失水量、沉降稳定性进行了测试和分析;并讨论了纤维分散方式、加量范围、水泥石抗压强度、抗折强度、劈裂抗拉强度以及微观结构。结果表明,水镁石纤维能显著降低水泥浆体系流动性、使API失水量下降45%数50%,对水泥浆沉降稳定性的影响很小。水镁石纤维能显著提高水泥石的力学性能,水浴养护14 d后,3%纤维加量下的水泥石抗压强度提高16.2%,5%纤维加量下的水泥石抗折强度提高48.8%,8%纤维加量下的水泥石劈裂抗拉强度提高41.4%。通过机械剪切力和超声作用预分散处理后,水镁石纤维成细丝状均匀分布在水泥石中,能有效提高水泥石密实度和限制微裂纹发生与扩展。纤维的加入使得水泥石力学性能增益比显著增大,5%纤维加量水泥石的拉压比与空白试样相比提高27.5%,使得水泥石脆性得到较大改善。但高加量下水镁石纤维难分散、易团结,水镁石主要起填充作用,水泥石强度仍能得到一定的增加。     

Transition metal atom doped C2N as catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction: A density functional theory study

The catalytic mechanism and activity of transition metal atom doped C₂N (M-C₂N, M = Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are investigated in detail by density functional theory method. All the screened M-C₂N are thermodynamically stable based on the binding energy calculations. The adsorption energy results indicate that the adsorption strength of O₂ and ORR intermediates are decreased in the order of Fe-C₂N ˃ Co-C₂N ˃ Ni-C₂N ˃ Cu-C₂N, in which the adsorption energy values on Cu-C₂N are most close to those on the Pt(111). Based on the relative energy diagram of ORR, the energetically favorable pathway on Fe-C₂N and Co-C₂N is direct 4e⁻ mechanism, in which the O–O bond is directly dissociated after the second electron transfer. While for Ni-C₂N and Cu-C₂N, the most favorable pathway is indirect 4e⁻ mechanism, in which the H₂O₂ is formed as the intermediate product. For all studied M-C₂N, the Ni-C₂N and Cu-C₂N hold better catalytic activity, which could attribute to the contribution of metal atom and part of its activated nitrogen atoms.     

Button-cell for hearing aid apparatus based on gasatomized powders of hydriding alloy La-Ni-Co-Al

Gas atomized powders of LaNi_2,5Co_2,4Al_0,1 alloywere prepared and used for the construction of nickel/metal hydride battery. The powdercharacteristics such as particle size distribution, morphology, oxygen content, crystal structure fordifferent fractions were analyzed. The hydriding and electrochemical properties were evaluatedtoo. All fractions have a similar particle morphology and only a slightly different X-ray determinedlattice parameters of the alloy. The fractions with particle size less than 50 μm have apoor activity at both gaseous and electrochemical hydriding. This phenomenon may be attributedto the presence of fine fractions of the amorphous component. Gas atomized powders of coarsefractions possess high corrosion resistance and display a similar hydrogen and electrochemicalcapacity as arc melt alloys. © 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of InternationalAssociation for Hydrogen Energy. All rights reserved.     

Fast Electronic Digital Image Stabilization for Off-Road Navigation

Image stabilization can be used as front-end system for many tasks that require dynamic image analysis, such as navigation and tracking of independently moving objects from a moving platform. We present a fast and robust electronic digital image stabilization system that can handle large image displacements based on a two-dimensional feature-based multi-resolution motion estimation technique. The method tracks a small set of features and estimates the movement of the camera between consecutive frames. Stabilization is achieved by combining all motion from a reference frame and warping the current frame back to the reference. The system has been implemented on parallel pipeline image processing hardware (a Datacube MaxVideo 200) connected to a SUN SPARCstation 20/612 via a VME bus adaptor. Experimental results using video sequences taken from a camera mounted on a vehicle moving on rough terrain show the robustness of the system while running at approximately 20 frames/s.     

Lead oxide hydroxide clusters in Pb9O(OH)4A,zeolite A exchanged with Pb2+ at Ph 6.0

The crystal structure of Pb₉O(OH)₄A, zeolite 4A exchanged with Pb²⁺ at pH 6.0 and evacuated at 26°C, has been determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Two separate (Pb²⁺, OH⁻, O²⁻) clusters were found. In each sodalite unit, a (Pb²⁺)₃(O²⁻)(OH⁻)₃ cluster, a distorted Pb₄O₄ cube with one Pb²⁺ missing, coordinates via its oxygens to four Pb²⁺ ions at 6-ring sites to give [Pb₇O(OH)₃]⁹⁺. In half of the large cavities, a [Pb₂(OH)₂]²⁺ cluster may have formed. The remaining Pb²⁺ ion is near the center of an 8-ring. The oxygen positions are somewhat uncertain, and the presence of hydrogen atoms is inferred.