A novel method of shrimp blanching by CO2 heat pump: Quality,energy, and economy analysis

To reduce the energy consumption of the shrimp blanching process and improve the economic value of the blanched product, a transcritical CO₂ heat pump blanching system (THPB system) was designed in this paper. The trends of astaxanthin were investigated at atmospheric pressure near boiling temperature, combined with the color and structural properties of shrimp samples, and the optimal blanching times of 270 s and 240 s were obtained at 90°C and 95°C, respectively. In contrast to the fuel blanching system (FB system) at 100°C, the annual standard coal consumption of the THPB system with 90°C blanching is decreased by 79%, and the annual operating cost can be saved by CNY 63,800, with a payback period of about 3.13 years.Industrial relevanceBlanching is one of the effective ways to prolong the shelf life of shrimp. However, the research on the blanching time and temperature of shrimp is not comprehensive. In addition, the traditional fuel blanching process has high energy consumption and pollution, and can no longer meet the quality requirements of the modern food processing industry. Heat pump has been shown to have better performance in food drying, but it is less used in blanching. The information presented in this study may provide other insights into food processing.     

铝合金表面等离子喷涂Al2O3-3%TiO2复合涂层工艺参数优化的研究

目的 通过优化等离子喷涂工艺参数，提高铝合金表面等离子喷涂Al2O3-3%TiO2复合陶瓷涂层的结合强度和涂层表截面硬度。方法 用正交试验法，对影响喷涂涂层结合强度和硬度的4个关键喷涂参数进行优化，分别得到喷涂粘结底层Ni-5Al和工作表层Al2O3-3%TiO2的最佳优化参数。结果 通过正交试验确定影响Ni-5Al涂层综合指标的因素由主到次是喷涂电流、喷涂距离、辅气流量、主气流量，最优水平数为2、3、2、1；影响Al2O3-3%TiO2涂层综合指标的因素由主到次是喷距、辅气流量、电流、主气流量，最优水平数为2、3、2、1。Ni-5Al涂层的最佳喷涂工艺参数为：喷涂距离120 mm，喷涂电流520 A，主气流量42 L/min，辅气流量7.5 L/min。Al2O3-3%TiO2复合涂层最佳喷涂工艺参数为：喷涂距离90 mm，喷涂电流530 A，主气流量46 L/min，辅气流量7.8 L/min。最佳工艺下制备的Ni-5Al底层与基体的结合强度为25.2 MPa，Al2O3-3%TiO2复合涂层与Ni-5Al底层的结合强度为17.8 MPa，且其截面硬度在1000HV0.5以上。结论 对喷涂工艺参数进行优化可以得到质量高且稳定的Al2O3-3%TiO2复合喷涂涂层，与非最佳工艺参数喷涂涂层相比，各指标均有较大提高。     

Directional-stability-aware brake blending control synthesis for over-actuated electric vehicles during straight-line deceleration

For the purpose of both energy regeneration and directional stability enhancement, regenerative and hydraulic blended braking control of an over-actuated electric vehicle equipped with four individual on-board motors during normal straight-line deceleration is studied. System models which include the vehicle dynamics, tire, electric powertrain, and hydraulic brake models are developed. Mechanisms of directional instability of the electric vehicle during straight-line braking are analyzed. To improve the electric vehicle's safety and performance, novel compensation methods through blended braking are studied. On the basis of half-shaft torque estimation, two new regenerative braking control algorithms are proposed. Simulations of the developed control algorithms are carried out during normal straight-line braking maneuvers. The results and discussions demonstrate that the developed approaches are advantageous when compared with the conventional baseline strategy, with respect to both the directional stability and regeneration efficiency, thus validating the feasibility and effectiveness of the controller synthesis.     

Kinetics of water adsorption in microporous aluminophosphate layers for regenerative heat exchangers

The performance of thick aluminophosphate molecular sieve layers for heat exchanger applications is evaluated. The aluminophosphate AlPO-18 (AEI structure type code) molecular sieve sorbent is coated on aluminium supports prior the sorption measurements. Two AlPO-18 samples with different morphological appearance, i.e. nano-sized crystals with monomodal size distribution and micron-sized crystals of varying sizes, are used to prepare layers with thickness in the range of 80–750 μm. As a binder component, polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) was utilized in order to prepare mechanically stable layers, which are mechanically stable over numerous measuring cycles. The sorption measurements are conducted under canonical conditions at 40 °C. The AlPO-18 layers showed decreased mass flows with increasing the thickness. Additionally, the layers comprising nanosized crystals showed higher equilibrium loadings and faster kinetics compared to films based on micron-sized crystals. Following the kinetic studies of pressure, temperature and heat flow, it can be concluded that the heat transport is the rate limiting mechanism for thick aluminophosphate layers. Importantly, the diffusion limitation plays a role only for relatively thin microporous aluminophosphate layers (<200 μm). Below this thickness complete heat transfer is achieved within 2 min which allows fast heat exchanger cycles. Thus, the application of microporous aluminophosphate layers for heat transformation and storage applications is considered possible.     

Development and application of a novel radial basis function sliding mode controller

Generally, physical systems have certain non-linear and time-varying behaviours and various uncertainties. It is difficult to establish an appropriate model for controller design. Adaptive and sliding mode control schemes have been employed to solve some of these problems under certain model-based conditions and limitations. Here a novel adaptive radial basis functions sliding mode control is proposed by combining the advantages of the adaptive, neural network and sliding mode control strategies without precise system model information. It has on-line learning ability to deal with the system time-varying and non-linear uncertainties by adjusting the control parameters. The proposed scheme is implemented on a three degree-of-freedom dynamic absorber system. Only five radial basis functions are required for this control system and their weightings can be established and updated continuously by on-line learning. The experimental results show that this intelligent control approach effectively suppresses the vibration amplitude of the main mass due to external disturbances.     

Robust energy-to-peak sideslip angle estimation with applications to ground vehicles

In this paper, the observer design problem for the sideslip angle of ground vehicles is investigated. The sideslip angle is an important signal for the vehicle lateral stability, which is not measurable by using an affordable physical sensor. Therefore, we aim to estimate the sideslip angle with the yaw rate measurements by employing the vehicle dynamics. The nonlinear lateral dynamics is modeled firstly. As the tyre model is nonlinear and the road adhesive coefficient is subject to a large variation, the nonlinear lateral dynamics is transformed into an uncertain model. Considering the variation of longitudinal velocity, an uncertain linear-parameter-varying (LPV) system is obtained. Based on the LPV model, a gain-scheduling observer is proposed and the observer gain can be determined with off-line computation and on-line computation. The off-line computation includes the calculation of a set of linear matrix inequalities and the on-line computation contains several algebraic operations. The proposed design methodology is applied to a four-wheel-independent-drive electric vehicle in simulation. It infers from different maneuvers that the designed observer has a good performance on estimating the sideslip angle.     

Fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of separation and reattachment flow over a backward-facing step

In this study, a direct numerical simulation of the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of separation and reattachment flow at a backward-facing step is presented. A computer program of FORTRAN code is used to solve the governing equations according to finite volume method. The effects of the Reynolds number and expansion ratio on the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics are investigated. The size of the primary recirculation zone increases with the reduction of expansion ratio and the fluctuation of isotherms increased with the increase of Reynolds number. The periodic characteristics and the dissimilarity between Nu and Cf appear in the transitional flow regime. The rotating fluids in the reattachment region increase the flow instability and the interchange of the hot and cold fluids increases heat transfer instability. The combined effects of flow instability and heat transfer instability play an important role in the formation of the dissimilarity between Nu and Cf.     

某沿海火电厂贮煤仓构件腐蚀机制分析

目的研究某火电厂沿海煤仓构件的腐蚀情况,分析其腐蚀机制。方法采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对构件表面与内部区域的腐蚀形貌及腐蚀产物分布进行表征,借助能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)等仪器,对腐蚀产物元素组成及物相进行表征分析,结合贮煤仓构件服役环境探讨腐蚀机制。结果沿海火电厂贮煤仓构件腐蚀情况较为严重且分布极广,腐蚀类型主要为点蚀。腐蚀产物厚度约为3.82 mm,表层和内部分别为黄色物质和灰黑色疏松物质,且聚集有球状和丝状或棉团状铁锈。腐蚀产物组成元素以O、Fe为主,其中表面黄色物质的主要物相为Fe2O3,表面丝状或棉团状物质主要为α-FeOOH,内部灰黑色物质的主要物相为Fe3O4,针片状物质为γ-FeOOH,球状物质的C、Si、Al、Ca、Mg等元素含量较高且主要物相为SiO2,为煤粉颗粒。结论沿海电厂贮煤仓构件腐蚀初期为Fe的吸氧腐蚀,并发生完全氧化脱水生成Fe2O3,其良好致密性使内部发生氧浓差腐蚀生成Fe3O4,底面产物主要为Fe3O4和Fe2O3的混合物,而煤粉颗粒和燃煤产生的CO2、SO2等酸性气体为腐蚀的快速发生提供了环境。发生的点蚀极易造成穿孔,需采取更有效的防护措施。     

轨道车辆双层窗隔热性能分析

利用CFD软件模拟计算轨道车辆不同空气层厚度的玻璃窗的K值,对其进行隔热性能分析,找出保温性能最佳的空气层厚度。然后进行无窗、单层窗和双层窗对整车保温性能影响的比较。证明双层玻璃窗的保温性能远远高于单层窗的保温性能,且保温性能随空气层厚度的增加先提高后降低,在15mm时达到最优。     

Structural and physical properties of soybean protein isolate films with ohmic heating treatment: Impacts of electric field

The effects of ohmic heating (OH) and conventional heating (CON) on the structural and physical properties of soybean protein isolate (SPI) and SPI films were studied. When the electric field was varied from 0 to 12 V·cm⁻¹, the fluorescence intensity, average particle size, and polydispersity index (PDI) of the OH-SPI were the least at 9 V·cm⁻¹ and increased thereafter. Meanwhile, the free SH-group content and surface hydrophobicity were the maximum at 9 V·cm⁻¹ and decreased thereafter. Moreover, the α-helix content decreased and the random coil content increased noticeably at 12 V·cm⁻¹. In terms of the properties of the SPI films, the mechanical properties and water resistance of the OH-SPI films were superior to those of the CON-SPI films. When the electric field was 9 V·cm⁻¹, the tensile strength of the OH-SPI film increased from 2.76 MPa to 4.34 MPa, and the elongation at break of the OH-SPI films improved. Moreover, the water resistance of the OH-SPI films was the best at this electric field.