Study on the blackening phenomenon of leaded glass during microgroove molding using nickel phosphorous mold

Precision glass molding (PGM) is a recently developed method to fabricate glass microgroove components. Lead glass is commonly used as an optical material due to its high refractive index and low transition temperature. A nickel-phosphorous (Ni–P) plated mold is traditionally employed in the PGM process for microstructures optics. However, leaded glass is subject to color change and can blacken during the PGM process, reducing the light transmittance of microgrooves. In this paper, an equation for the redox reaction between Ni and Pb is proposed, which is based on the diffusion of inner Ni atoms to the surface of the mold and the standard electrode potential of the Pb ions in leaded glass. A viscoelastic constitutive model of the glass is established to simulate the compression stress distribution during molding. Finally, the effects of molding pressure, molding temperature, and mold material on glass blackening are studied. The results show that the blackening of leaded glass is caused by Pb enriching the surface. The rise in molding stress and temperature increases the deformation of Ni–P plating, which promotes the diffusion of Ni atoms. By adding a titanium incorporated diamond-like carbon (Ti-DLC) coating, the deformation of the Ni–P plating during molding is suppressed, and the diffusion of Ni atoms can be prevented. In this way, the blackening of leaded glass can be prevented.     

Investigation of anisotropic mechanisms in ultra-precision diamond machining of KDP crystal

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal presents a host of problems to engineers and opticians. Moreover, because of its anisotropic character, a particular crystal orientation and plane wave transmission are required while the machining process is performed. In this study, by applying the principle of the maximized shearing deformed specific energy and the different shearing elastic modulus along different crystal planes and orientations, a theoretical model to calculate the shear angles when cutting KDP crystal was established. Based on this model, the shear angles’ variation regularity under different cutting conditions was obtained. Additionally, the variation regularities of cutting forces and roughness on different crystal planes were discussed. The results indicate that on different crystal planes the average cutting force and roughness as well as their variation amplitude are different. In addition, the calculated results show that rake angle plays an important role on suppression and minimizing material anisotropic character. Furthermore, the ultra-precision turning and milling experiments were conducted, and the theoretical model matched the experiments well within normal operating conditions.     

Tool point dynamics prediction by a three-component model utilizing distributed joint interfaces

In machine dynamics the tool point frequency response functions (FRFs) are employed to predict the stable machining conditions. In this paper, a combined analytical–experimental substructuring procedure is proposed to determine the tool point FRFs for different holder–tool configurations. The method employs the measured spindle-machine FRFs and analytical models of the tool and the holder to predict the tool tip FRFs for different sets of tools and holders mounted on the machine spindle without the need for repeated experimental measurements. Distributed joint interfaces are used to couple the three-component model of the machine. The machine tool tip FRFs with different tool–holder combinations are obtained assuming the clamping conditions at joint interfaces remain unchanged. An experimental case study is provided to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method in dynamic modeling of machine tool.     

PCrNi3MoVA高速侧铣加工研究

PCrN娼MoVA是一种应用广泛的高强度钢，主要应用于炮筒和小型炮后备箱的制造。本文主要研究了利用直径10mm的整体硬质合金铣刀高速侧铣PCrNi3MoVA钢时的铣削力，以及加工后表面粗糙度的情况。同时与端铣加工进行对比，找到了2种加工方式影响粗糙度和铣削力的主要因素，并总结了铣削力的预测公式。     

微小型齿轮的微细滚削加工研究

用自行设计的微小型硬质合金齿轮滚刀进行了模数为0.175mm的微小型齿轮滚削加工研究.首先设计了相应模数的微小型齿轮滚刀,并详细阐述该刀具的设计过程,包括刀具材料的选择、结构形式的设计、齿形设计和刀具局部强度的校核等.简述了该滚刀的制造加工工艺,在微小型数控滚齿机上进行了微小型齿轮的滚削加工试验研究.结果表明,采用范成...     

Research Review of Principles and Methods for Ultrasonic Measurement of Axial Stress in Bolts

Bolts are important fasteners indispensable in the manufacturing field for their advantages, which include convenient assembly and disassembly, easy maintenance, refastenability to prevent looseness, and the avoidance of a phase change in the connected material composition. The precise control of the tightening force in bolts is closely related to the safety and reliability of the connected equipment or structure. Although there are many methods for estimating the tightening force applied to a bolt during assembly, poor accuracy in controlling the preload during the tightening process and a lack of monitoring to determine the residual axial force in service remain issues in evaluating the safety of bolted assemblies. As a nondestructive testing technology, ultrasonic measurement can be applied to successfully address these issues. In order to help researchers understand the theoretical basis and technological development in this field and to equip them to conduct further in-depth research, in this review, the basic knowledge describing the state of stress and deformation of bolts, as well as conventional testing methods are summarized and analyzed. Then, through a review of recent research of the ultrasonic measurement of the axial stress in bolts, the influence of the e ective stressed length and temperature are analyzed and proposed methods of calibration and compensation are reviewed. In order to avoid coupling errors caused by traditional piezoelectric transducers, two newly proposed ultrasonic coupling technologies, the electromagnetic acoustic transducer(EMAT) and the permanent mounted transducer system(PMTS), are reviewed. Finally, the new direction of research of the detection of residual axial stress in in-service bolts that have been assembled to yield is discussed.     

非共轴螺旋后刀面微钻几何结构优化与刃磨制备研究

非共轴螺旋后刀面微钻相比普通平面后刀面微钻,在刀具刃磨效率及其钻削性能方面具有显著优势。微钻几何结构微小改变将引起钻削性能的重大变化。建立非共轴螺旋后刀面和螺旋槽的数学模型,计算不同几何结构参数下微钻的切削刃形状、前角和未变形切屑厚度,同时建立不锈钢微孔钻削有限元仿真模型,分析螺旋角、钻芯厚度与锋角对钻削力、温度与切屑形态的影响规律,对非共轴螺旋后刀面微钻几何结构进行优化。仿真结果表明：随着锋角增大,轴向力增大,扭矩和温度降低;随着螺旋角增大,钻削力和钻削温度降低,但是当螺旋角增大到40°时,切屑为带状切屑,切屑易阻塞,容易引起刀具折断;随着钻芯厚度增大,钻削力和钻削温度同时增大,切屑宽度减小。结合不锈钢微细钻削过程中钻削力、钻削温度和切屑形态的变化规律,提出优化的微钻几何结构参数。基于六轴数控工具磨床以及所建立的数学模型,磨制出非共轴螺旋后刀面微钻。测量结果表明,其几何参数与设计值基本一致。钻削试验结果表明,该几何结构参数的微钻具有良好钻削性能。     

齿轮钢18Cr2Ni4WA磨削烧伤实验及仿真预测研究

18Cr2Ni4WA钢以其韧性好和强度高的特点,广泛使用于螺旋伞齿轮等重载齿轮的生产与制造。磨齿作为齿轮加工的最后工序,磨削区域较高温度场容易引起磨削烧伤发生,使加工表面质量和疲劳寿命难以保证。针对齿轮钢18Cr2Ni4WA磨削烧伤问题,设计SG砂轮磨削实验,研究其发生磨削烧伤时表面形貌、显微硬度的变化规律,并通过有限元仿真预测烧伤层深。研究结果表明：当砂轮速度为20.3 m/s、工件速度为0.03 m/s、磨削深度大于0.05 mm时工件发生磨削烧伤,随着磨削深度的增加,烧伤程度加重,磨削表面氧化层颜色由淡黄色转为褐色最后呈现青色,表面形貌由纹理清晰转为涂覆;工件产生回火烧伤时,产生硬度较低的回火索氏体;烧伤层深的仿真模拟值与实验测量值基本吻合,验证了有限元仿真对磨削烧伤预测的可行性。     

超声振动螺线磨削砂轮表面的功率谱密度分析

超声振动螺线磨削过程中,砂轮表面微观形貌的变化复杂.为准确表征其特征,采用功率谱密度分析方法,将砂轮表面的微观结构分解为不同频率、振幅和相位的谐波,对比分析不同磨削行程时普通磨削和超声振动螺线磨削砂轮表面的磨损行为.结果表明:砂轮表面功率谱密度曲线的斜率k随着磨削行程的增大而逐渐减小,即k越小砂轮表面磨损越严重.其中,...