Characterization of microbial communities in a fluidized-pellet-bed bioreactor for wastewater treatment

In order to make clear the microbiological characteristics of the fluidized-pellet-bed bioreactor (FPB) which is a newly developed wastewater treatment device to perform coagulation, particle pelletization, biological degradation and solid-liquid separation in a single unit, the method of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was applied in this study paying attention to the microbial diversity of the granular sludge. Spread plate method was also used for enumeration of aerobic bacteria in unit weight of granular sludge. As a result, slight difference was found between the total aerobic bacteria at the bottom, middle, and top sections though the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration decreased from about 3.5 mg/L at the bottom inlet to 0.23 mg/L at the top of the FPB bioreactor. From the DGGE finger printing, 17 common species were identified from all these sections, and certain specific species were also identified from each section. The comparability of the microbial communities in the three sections was 83.1%, indicating a very stable structure of the microbial communities. The 16 S rRNA sequence analysis results revealed that the 18 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) obtained all belong to Eubacteria. Among them 11 are Proteobacteria, 3 are Actinobacteria, 2 are low G + C gram-positive bacteria and the remaining 2 belong to other bacteria branches. The dominant microbial communities are typical aerobes or facultative anaerobes commonly encountered in conventional activated sludge.     

TiO2、ZnO和TiO2/ZnO三种氧化物粉体材料的抗菌性能对比

氧化物具有化学性质稳定、原材料丰富易得的优点,其作为抗菌材料日益受到关注。对氧化物的抗菌性能及影响因素开展深入研究,能够为新型抗菌材料的开发提供科学依据。通过溶胶-凝胶法制备出了TiO₂/ZnO复合粉体,并将其与TiO₂、ZnO进行对比,分别对它们的晶相结构、微观形貌和粒径进行了表征。利用大肠杆菌ATCC25922作为受试菌株,通过抑菌环试验和菌液接触试验对3种氧化物粉体材料的抗菌性能进行测试。考察了钛锌比、光照等条件对抗菌效果的影响。结果表明,所使用的TiO₂主要由锐钛矿相和金红石相组成,ZnO主要为六方纤锌矿相,制备出的TiO₂/ZnO则主要是锐钛矿型TiO₂在六方纤锌矿型ZnO的孔隙间沉积而成,这3种粉体材料的粒径由大到小分别为TiO₂/ZnO、TiO₂和ZnO。从抑菌环和菌液接触试验的结果可以看出,ZnO粉体材料的抗菌效果明显优于TiO₂粉体材料,ZnO和TiO₂/ZnO在黑暗条件下仍有良好的抗菌性能,但在可见光照射条件下抗菌效果更佳。ZnO含量是TiO₂/ZnO复合材料抗菌性能的关键因素。制备TiO₂/ZnO粉体材料时的煅烧温度对其抗菌性能没有明显影响。