Crystal nucleation and dendrite growth of metastable phases in undercooled melts

An undercooled melt possesses an enhanced free enthalpy that opens up the possibility to crystallize metastable crystalline solids in competition with their stable counterparts. Crystal nucleation selects the crystallographic phase whereas the growth dynamics controls microstructure evolution. We apply containerless processing techniques such as electromagnetic and electrostatic levitation to containerlesss undercool and solidify metallic melts. Owing to the complete avoidance of heterogeneous nucleation on container-walls a large undercooling range becomes accessible with the extra benefit that the freely suspended drop is direct accessible for in situ observation of crystallization far away from equilibrium. Results of investigations of maximum undercoolability on pure zirconium are presented showing the limit of maximum undercoolability set by the onset of homogeneous nucleation. Rapid dendrite growth is measured as a function of undercooling by a high-speed camera and analysed within extended theories of non-equilibrium solidification. In such both supersaturated solid solutions and disordered superlattice structure of intermetallics are formed at high growth velocities. A sharp interface theory of dendrite growth is capable to describe the non-equilibrium solidification phenomena during rapid crystallization of deeply undercooled melts. Eventually, anomalous growth behaviour of Al-rich Al–Ni alloys is presented, which may be caused by forced convection.     

干、湿喷丸强化对TC17钛合金喷丸强化层的影响

目的 研究干喷丸与湿喷丸强化对TC17钛合金残余应力场的影响.方法 采用干、湿喷丸分别对TC17钛合金表面进行喷丸强化处理,利用X射线衍射仪、EBSD以及硬度仪,分析喷丸强度对材料表层残余应力、显微组织以及硬度的影响.结果 喷丸强度为0.20 mmN时,干喷丸最大残余应力在距表面30μm处,湿喷丸最大残余应力在表面;喷丸强度为0.30 mmN时,干、湿喷丸引入的残余应力场层深分别为200、90μm,干喷丸引入的残余应力层更深;喷丸强度为0.40 mmN时,干喷丸最大残余应力为–1191.5 MPa,而湿喷丸最大残余应力为–943.9 MPa,干喷丸引入的最大残余应力比湿喷丸的更大;当喷丸强度增加到0.50 mmN时,干、湿喷丸两种强化工艺均出现过喷丸现象,近表层的残余应力发生松弛,同时硬度值降低.通过EBSD研究发现,随着喷丸强度的增加,TC17钛合金表层组织中α相的小角度晶界比例先增加后减少,当喷丸强度为0.50 mmN时,α相内小角度晶界比例减少,大角度晶界比例增加.结论 当喷丸强度较小时,干喷丸强化引入的最大残余应力在次表面,而湿喷丸引入的在表面.当喷丸强度较大时,干、湿喷丸强化工艺均出现过喷丸现象,此时大量小角度晶界转变为大角度晶界,钛合金表层硬度场有所减小,残余应力场发生应力松弛.