Phytic acid-assisted fabrication of superhydrophilic Ru 3D electrode for electrocatalytic hydrogenation of p-Nitrophenol

A superhydrophilic Ru-based 3D electrode, denoted as Ru-PA/NF, was fabricated under the assistance of phytic acid (PA) for electrocatalytic hydrogenation of p-Nitrophenol. PA serves as a multifunctional modulator to facilitate the dispersion of active Ru species in porous nickel foam (NF), meanwhile enhance the surface wettability as well as adjust the micromorphology. In alkaline media, the Ru-PA/NF electrode shows the PNP conversion of 94.68% and the PAP selectivity of 99% after 9 h, accompanied by the faraday efficiency (FE) of 73.15%. Over the superhydrophilic Ru-PA/NF the rate constant of PNP conversion into PAP is 2.62-times higher than that over the hydrophobic Ru/NF prepared without the aid of PA, and FE of Ru-PA/NF is 1.28-times higher than Ru/NF. This can be ascribed to intriguing features of Ru-PA/NF involving higher Ru loading, more exposed sites, superior electrolyte wetting along with faster charge transfer rate.     

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of layered Li[Ni0.333Co0.333Mn0.293Al0.04]O2−zFz cathode materials prepared by the sol–gel method

The cathode-active materials, layered Li[Ni_0.333Co_0.333Mn_0.293Al_0.04]O_2−zF_z (0 ≤ z ≤ 0.1), were synthesized from a sol–gel precursor at 900 °C in air. The influence of Al–F co-substitution on the structural and electrochemical properties of the as-prepared samples was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electrochemical experiments. The results showed that Li[Ni_0.333Co_0.333Mn_0.293Al_0.04]O_2−zF_z has a typical hexagonal structure with a single phase, the particle sizes of the samples tended to increase with increasing fluorine content. It has been found that Li[Ni_0.333Co_0.333Mn_0.293Al_0.04]O_1.95F_0.05 showed an improved cathodic behavior and discharge capacity retention compared to the undoped samples in the voltage range of 3.0–4.3 V. The electrodes prepared from Li[Ni_0.333Co_0.333Mn_0.293Al_0.04]O_1.95F_0.05 delivered an initial discharge capacity of 158 mAh⁻¹ g and an initial coulombic efficiency is 91.3%, and the capacity retention at the 20th cycle was 94.9%. Though the F-doped samples had lower initial capacities, they showed better cycle performances compared with F-free samples. Therefore, this is a promising material for a lithium-ion battery.     

多级结构MoS2/C复合材料的储锂性能

利用二硫化钼和葡萄糖为原料,采用一锅乙醇/水复合溶剂热-后热处理法制备了绣球花状结构MoS₂/C复合材料。考查了乙醇/水复合溶剂的合理组成和MoS₂/C复合材料中碳的合理含量,分别采用SEM和TEM表征了MoS₂/C材料的形貌结构,通过TGA测试和计算了材料中的碳含量。采用循环伏安、恒流充放电和交流阻抗等测试了MoS₂/C复合电极的电化学性能。结果表明,MoS₂/C复合材料拥有多级花球状结构,缓解了MoS₂的团聚,使电极材料的利用率和电化学稳定性显著提高。当V（乙醇）：V（水）为1：2,碳含量为50%时,MoS₂/C复合电极在200 mA·g^-1的电流密度下,充放电循环100次后,可逆容量达到762 mA·h·g^-1。     

静压支承技术在海水淡化旋转式能量回收装置中的应用

海水淡化旋转式能量回收装置（RERD）高、低压流体间的泄漏主要在转子与端盘的配合间隙中发生，这种泄漏直接影响到装置的能量回收效率水平。本文通过在平面端盘上引入阻尼孔和静压支承槽，构建了静压支承端盘方案，将静压支承技术应用到自主开发的电驱RERD装置中，以解决其运行过程中泄漏量大、能量回收效率低等问题。在转子与上、下端盘配合总间隙为0.04mm、转子转速为500r/min的条件下，RERD分别使用平面端盘和静压支承端盘进行对比实验研究。结果表明，在操作压力为4.5MPa和处理量为13m³/h的工况下，与平面端盘相比，采用1^#静压支承端盘（静压支承槽槽宽为2.0mm）时，装置的泄漏量从0.45m³/h减小至0.28m³/h，能量回收效率从91.3%提升至92.7%。采用2^#静压支承端盘（静压支承槽槽宽为3.0mm）的RERD在相同工况下，装置的泄漏量可降低至0.11m³/h，能量回收效率提升到95.0%。上述研究显示静压支承技术对于减小RERD装置泄漏量、提高装置效率具有显著的效果，对RERD装置密封结构设计与优化具有指导意义。     

高能量密度水溶性有机液流电池的开发策略

水溶性有机液流电池自2014年出现后发展迅猛,特别是近些年来有机电活性物质的降解和二聚导致的容量衰减问题得到初步解决后,该类液流电池有望作为大规模储能系统的候选者。然而能量密度较低的问题限制了其商业化的进程。对此,主要从增大溶解度、提高电化学窗口和电子的得失数这3个方面详细介绍了5种提高水溶性有机液流电池能量密度的方法——分子结构剪裁、“interaction-mediating”策略的应用、采用聚合物电活性物质、“氧化还原靶向”原理和电极表面的改性,同时对进一步提高水溶性有机液流电池能量密度的策略进行了简要展望。     

In situ electrodeposition of nickel cobalt selenides on FTO as an efficient counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells

Construction of transition metal selenides with high electrocatalytic performance is of significant importance, but it is still a challenge to develop the corresponding counter electrodes (CEs) by an electrodeposition technique. In the present work, nickel cobalt selenide (Ni_xCo_ySe) films are prepared in situ on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glasses through a potential reversal electrodeposition technique. The morphology and electronic structure of Ni_xCo_ySe films can be tuned by controlling the Ni/Co molar ratio in electroplating solution. Specially, Ni_xCo_ySe-6 film (the Ni/Co molar ratio of 1:1) with the optimized interaction between the Ni and Co elements displays numerous particles composed of sheets attached with nanocrystals, resulting in the more electrocatalytic active sites. Benefiting from the unique morphology and optimized synergistic effect, Ni_xCo_ySe-6 CE exhibits superior electrocatalytic activity for the triiodide reduction. Then, the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) fabricated by Ni_xCo_ySe-6 CE has demonstrated a power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 7.40%, which is higher than that of platinum (Pt)-based device (6.32%). Furthermore, Ni_xCo_ySe-6 array CE is also prepared by using polystyrene array as template. The PCE of the DSC with Ni_xCo_ySe-6 array CE reaches its maximum value of 7.64% and 20.9% larger than that of Pt-based device.     

Electrochemical study of the corrosion of different alloys exposed to deaerated 80 °C geothermal brines containing CO2

Corrosion of metallic engineering materials accounts for problems during geothermal operation in the Upper Rhine Graben (URG). Herein, we study the electrochemical behaviour of various metal alloys in an 80 °C simulated geothermal environment by using potentiodynamic polarisation and open-circuit potential measurements. Two different natural geothermal waters from URG geothermal sites were used for the experiments. The measurements reveal spontaneous passivation to be a key process for all alloys. This ennoblement protects more noble alloys from significant corrosion (e.g. titanium gr. 2, alloy 625) and brings less noble alloys to failure, mostly due to pitting corrosion (e.g. 316L).     

稠油降黏机理及降黏剂合成方法的研究进展

近年来,我国经济和工业飞速发展,这就导致了能源消耗量的逐年增加。非常规原油中的稠油作为一种重要的战略储备能源,其合理高效的开采尤为重要。采取合适的方法对稠油进行降黏处理对于提高稠油采收率及管道运输效率具有重要意义,稠油降黏剂的开发也成为当前研究重点。综述了国内外稠油的致黏机理、各类降黏剂的合成方法及其降黏机理的研究进展,指出了目前降黏剂研究的不足之处,并对其研究方向作出了展望。     

Development of a ϕ20 mm annular centrifugal contactor for the hot test of the total TRPO process

Centrifugal contactors have many advantages and are favored for reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel and partitioning of high-level waste. A new ?20 mm annular centrifugal contactor for laboratory scale has been developed for the hot test of the total TRPO process. A modular design, a multi-stage group housing design and ceramic bearings are adopted in the new centrifugal contactor. A sampling system and a rotor speed acquisition and monitoring system for ?20 mm annular centrifugal contactors have been developed for tests in the hot cell. The hydraulic performance of both a single-stage centrifugal contactor and a three-stage cascade has been studied. The nominal throughput of the single-stage centrifugal contactor can reach 13.5 l/h under suitable operation conditions for H₂O–kerosene system. The hydraulic performance of the three-stage cascade is also good.     

原甲酸三甲酯-醋酸萃取精馏全局多目标优化

在生产杀菌剂嘧菌酯中间体过程中,反应物原甲酸三甲酯（TMOF）与生成物醋酸（HAc）发生共沸,导致反应物堆积和原料损耗。为解决共沸物分离问题,使用Hayden-O'Connell修正的UNIFAC基团贡献法研究其汽液平衡,设计常规萃取精馏（CED）、侧线萃取精馏（SED）、隔壁塔萃取精馏（EDWC）三种工艺,以分离组分摩尔纯度、再沸器热负荷（Q）、年度总费用（TAC）为目标,运用灵敏度耦合箱线图响应面法（S-BBD）对三种工艺参数分别优化。结果表明,优化方法预测值与实际值存在较优拟合关系, CED、SED、EDWC对TAC和Q的预测误差均不超过1%。分离纯度相同时,SED较CED节约10.37%TAC和6.88%热负荷,EDWC较CED节约10.65%TAC和10.53%热负荷,三种工艺方案均可为化工实际生产提供理论基础。