基于15N质量平衡法研究养殖消化废水中氨氮的去除机理

为避免养猪场消化废水对环境造成的污染,利用微藻去除消化废水中营养物质的二次处理方法受到了广泛关注。采用¹⁵N质量平衡法研究了鞘藻去除氨氮的主要机理,重点研究了鞘藻生长与氨氮去除的关系以及氨氮去除的主要途径。经高压灭菌后的消化废水在鞘藻培养期的氨氮去除率为96.2%,鞘藻特定生长率为0.04~0.15;稀释后的原消化废水氨氮的去除率为94.1%,鞘藻特定生长率为-0.14~0.13。通过曝气的汽提效应对氨的去除有显著的促进作用,尤其在高pH值试验条件下更有利于脱氨。¹⁵N同位素质量平衡分析表明,原始消化废水中存在的细菌对氨氮的去除影响小,在鞘藻培养期去除原消化废水中氨氮的主要途径是鞘藻的吸收和气体的损失,分别占总氮量的40.97%和32.59%。氨氮的去除与主要影响因素间的回归和通径分析表明,要提高氨氮去除率,需要提高鞘藻Chl-a含量和DO浓度,同时限制或保持pH值在弱碱性状态。     

On the stability of conventional and nano-structured carbon-based catalysts in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene under industrially relevant conditions

Relevant carbon-based materials, home-made carbon–silica hybrids, commercial activated carbon, and nanostructured multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were tested in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene (EB). Special attention was given to the reaction conditions, using a relatively concentrated EB feed (10 vol.% EB), and limited excess of O₂ (O₂:EB = 0.6) in order to work at full oxygen conversion and consequently avoid O₂ in the downstream processing and recycle streams. The temperature was varied between 425 and 475 °C, that is about 150–200 °C lower than that of the commercial steam dehydrogenation process. The stability was evaluated from runs of 60 h time on stream. Under the applied reactions conditions, all the carbon-based materials are apparently stable in the first 15 h time on stream. The effect of the gasification/burning was significantly visible only after this period where most of them fully decomposes. The carbon of the hybrids decomposes completely rendering the silica matrix and the activated carbon bed is fully consumed. Nano structured MWCNT is the most stable; the structure resists the demanding reaction conditions showing an EB conversion of ∼30% (but deactivating) with a steady selectivity of ∼80%. The catalyst stability under the ODH reaction conditions is predicted from the combustion apparent activation energies.     

Upgrading the lubricity of bio-oil via homogeneous catalytic esterification under vacuum distillation conditions

In order to accelerate the application of bio-oil in the internal combustion engines, homogeneous catalytic esterification technology under vacuum distillation conditions was used to upgrade the crude bio-oil. The lubricities of the crude bio-oil (BO) and refined bio-oil with homogeneous catalytic esterification (RBO_hce) or refined bio-oil without catalyst but with distillation operation (RBO_wc) were evaluated by a high frequency reciprocating test rig according to the ASTM D 6079 standard. The basic physiochemical properties and components of the bio-oils were analyzed. The surface morphology, contents and chemical valence of active elements on the worn surfaces were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The results show that RBO_hce has better lubricities than those of BO, but RBO_wc has worse lubricities than those of BO. The tribological mechanisms of the bio-oils are attributed to the combined actions of lubricating films and factors that will break the film. Compared with BO, plenty of phenols in RBO_wc results in corrosion of the substrate and destroys the integrity of the lubricating films, which is responsible for its corrosive wear. However, more esters and alkanes in RBO_hce contribute to forming a complete boundary lubricating film on the rubbed surfaces which result in its excellent antifriction and antiwear properties.     

石墨表面TaC涂层的熔盐法制备及表征

目的 以K₂TaF₇和Ta粉为主要原料,在石墨材料表面制备TaC涂层。方法 反应物在1200℃的熔盐体系中保温3h,反应生成碳化物,经后续2300℃真空保温1h后,得到TaC涂层材料。采用XRD和SEM对涂层的组成结构进行表征,采用拉开法对涂层的和石墨基体的结合强度进行测量,采用纳米压痕对涂层的硬度和弹性模量进表征,最后对TaC涂层的抗腐蚀性能进行模拟测试评估和实际的SiC长晶测试。结果 熔盐法制备的TaC涂层连续地覆盖在石墨表面,保持了原始石墨的形貌,其物相组成为TaC,呈现出亮黄色,厚度为20～40μm,涂层的晶粒无择优取向生长,呈现出无序堆积的状态。TaC涂层与石墨基体的结合强度为9.49 MPa,硬度和弹性模量分别为14.42 GPa和123.32 GPa。TaC涂层样品于2 300℃的SiC腐蚀气氛环境下保温3 h,质量损失率仅为0.01 g/(m²·h),远低于同测试条件下无涂层石墨样品的质量损失率4.67 g/(m²·h)。在2 300℃氩气气氛下保温3 h的SiC粉包埋TaC涂层的接...     

Some considerations on frictional losses evaluation of a water flow in microtubes

In the present paper numerical modeling of a water flow through microtubes was made in order to analyze the behavior of the Poiseuille constant for the case of heating fluid flow inside the microtube. The microtube from the experimental research presented in [D. Lelea, S. Nishio, K. Takano, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47, pp. 2817–2830 (2004). (Journal Article)] [5] was used as a model. The length to diameter ratio of the tube was very large (L/D_i = 1200), and a tube diameter was D_i = 0.5 mm. Only a portion of the tube was heated with a Joule heating and the heating length was L_h = 250 mm. The working fluid was distilled water and a laminar regime is considered Re < 800. The input power was 2 W.     

Ca2B5O9Cl:Eu2+, A Suitable Blue-Emitting Phosphor for n-UV Excited Solid-State Lighting

Blue-emitting Ca₂B₅O₉Cl:Eu²⁺ phosphors have been synthesized by solid state reaction. The photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra show broad-band absorptions and can match the emission of near ultraviolet (n-UV) chip well. At lower Eu²⁺ concentration, the emission band can be resolved into two bands, which is assigned to the 5 d →4 f transition of Eu²⁺ ions substituting two different Ca²⁺ sites. At higher Eu²⁺ concentration, the energy transfer from Eu(1) to Eu(2) happens and is very efficient. At higher temperature the phosphor exhibits a lower temperature quenching effect. The fluorescence lifetimes are short enough for application in solid-state lighting. The electroluminescence spectrum indicates that the emission of chip can almost be absorbed by phosphor and down-converted into an intensive blue light. The chromaticity coordinates of fabricated light-emitting-diodes (LEDs) is very close to that of BaMgAl₁₀O₁₇:Eu²⁺ (BAM). Ca₂B₅O₉Cl:Eu²⁺ is a good blue component phosphor for n-UV excited solid-state lighting.     

Highly efficient photocatalytic treatment of mixed dyes wastewater via visible-light-driven AgI–Ag3PO4/MWCNTs

A high-performance photocatalyst of AgI–Ag₃PO₄/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was fabricated by chemical precipitation method using KI, K₂HPO₄ and AgNO₃ in the presence of MWCNTs. Its structure and physical properties were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis absorption spectra, X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence spectra (PL) and photocurrent techniques. SEM, TEM and EDS analyses verified that AgI–Ag₃PO₄ is successfully loaded on MWCNTs. AgI–Ag₃PO₄/MWCNTs possess the absorption edge of red shift and small band gap energy, and could absorb more photons in the visible region. PL and photocurrent analyses illustrated that AgI–Ag₃PO₄/MWCNTs have the lowest emission peak intensity and the highest photoelectric current, compared with Ag₃PO₄, AgI and AgI–Ag₃PO₄. By using the photocatalytic degradation of mixed dyes wastewater of Orange II and ponceau 4R as a model reaction, the photocatalytic efficiencies of Ag₃PO₄, AgI, AgI–Ag₃PO₄ and AgI–Ag₃PO₄/MWCNTs were evaluated. The reaction results showed that AgI–Ag₃PO₄/MWCNTs have strong photocatalytic activity and excellent chemical stability in repeated and long-term applications. Therefore, the prepared AgI–Ag₃PO₄/MWCNTs could act as a high-performance catalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of mixed dyes wastewater and also suggested the promising applications.     

并流共沉淀法合成Dy_(2)O_(3)-ZrO_(2)纳米粉体EI北大核心CSCD

采用并流化学共沉淀法合成了Dy_(2)O_(3)掺杂ZrO_(2)(DySZ)纳米粉体材料,系统研究稳定剂掺杂量、阳离子浓度、反应系统pH值和煅烧温度对粉体材料物相组成、晶体结构和微观形貌的影响。结果表明:不同合成工艺条件下,DySZ粉体材料均具有纳米尺度特征,球形颗粒尺寸为10~30 nm,Dy_(2)O_(3)的掺杂可以起到稳定晶型的作用;稳定剂掺杂量对DySZ粉体的物相组成具有明显影响,掺杂量为10%(质量分数)时可合成单一四方相结构的DySZ粉体;DySZ粉体材料的四方度和微观形貌对稳定剂掺杂量、阳离子浓度、反应体系pH值和煅烧温度均不敏感,但其平均晶粒尺寸随稳定剂掺杂量、阳离子浓度和反应体系pH值的升高略有降低,随煅烧温度的提高而显著增加。     

磷钨酸插层ZnAl层状双金属氢氧化物协同膨胀阻燃剂对环氧-聚酰胺树脂的阻燃作用

采用[PW₁₂O₄₀]3?离子柱撑插层共沉淀法合成的ZnAl硝酸根(NO₃-ZnAl)层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs),制备了PW₁₂O₄₀-ZnAl LDHs,并利用XRD、FTIR、电感耦合等离子体(ICP)、SEM等进行组成和结构的表征。将NO₃-ZnAl LDHs和PW₁₂O₄₀-ZnAl LDHs分别与含聚磷酸铵、三聚氰胺、季戊四醇的膨胀阻燃剂(IFRs)复合阻燃环氧-聚酰胺树脂(EP-PA),采用TGA、背温实验和锥形量热实验评价不同ZnAl LDHs与IFRs复合阻燃EP-PA的热及烟气的释放规律。TGA结果表明,PW₁₂O₄₀-ZnAl-IFRs/(EP-PA)复合材料的最大降解速率最小,残炭率最高,说明PW₁₂O₄₀-ZnAl LDHs提高了IFRs/(EP-PA)复合材料高温下的抗氧化能力。背温实验表明,相同热辐射强度下,PW₁₂O₄₀-ZnAl-IFRs/(EP-PA)复合材料的背温达到200℃和300℃用时最长,具有最低的背温升温速率,说明PW₁₂O₄₀-ZnAl LDHs使IFRs/(EP-PA)复合材料耐火能力明显增强。从锥形量热实验数据可知,PW₁₂O₄₀-ZnAl-IFRs使PW₁₂O₄₀-ZnAl-IFRs/(EP-PA)复合材料具有最低的热释放速率峰值(PHRR)、平均热释放速率(MHRR)、平均有效燃烧热(MEHC)和总热释放量(THR),其火势增长指数(FGI)仅为IFRs/(EP-PA)复合材料的14.5%,烟释放总量(TSP)比NO₃-ZnAl-IFRs/(EP-PA)复合材料减少了27.6%,比IFRs/(EP-PA)复合材料减少了55.3%。说明PW₁₂O₄₀-ZnAl-IFRs比NO₃-ZnAl-IFRs更能有效地减少EP-PA的热量释放,抑制烟气生成。