Noble metal water gas shift catalysis: Kinetics study and reactor design

Based on the water gas shift (WGS) catalytic mechanism on precious metal catalyst, a Langmuir–Hinshelwood (LH) kinetics model was derived for the operating conditions of syngas from natural gas reforming at near-ambient pressure. A power law kinetics model was also presented for comparative purpose. These two kinetics models were integrated in a dynamic distributed reactor model for design of full-scale WGS reactors for a natural gas fuel processing system. Modeling results indicated that the LH kinetics model gives predictions of reactor performance closer to the experimental data. Using the LH kinetics model, optimization of operating conditions for the high-temperature shift (HTS) and low-temperature shift (LTS) reactors was also attempted.     

Simulation model for natural gas transmission pipeline network system

This paper focuses on developing a simulation model for the analysis of transmission pipeline network system (TPNS) with detailed characteristics of compressor stations. Compressor station is the key element in the TPNS since it provides energy to keep the gas moving. The simulation model is used to create a system that simulates TPNS with different configurations to get pressure and flow parameters. The mathematical formulations for the TPNS simulation were derived from the principles of flow of fluid through pipe, mass balance and compressor characteristics. In order to determine the unknown pressure and flow parameters, a visual C++ code was developed based on Newton–Raphson solution technique. Using the parameters obtained, the model evaluates the energy consumption for various configurations in order to guide for the selection of optimal TPNS. Results from the evaluations of the model with the existing TPNS and comparison with the existing approaches showed that the developed simulation model enabled to determine the operational parameters with less than 10 iterations. Hence, the simulation model could assist in decisions regarding the design and operations of the TPNS.     

Cavitation enhancement of silt erosion—An envisaged micro model

Cavitation and silt erosion often co-exist causing severe damage. The effect that the silt erosion is worsened by the presence of cavitation is here referred as cavitation enhancement of silt erosion. Its mechanism is still not fully understood despite the effort made in past decades. In this article, the need for a micro model is firstly demonstrated by reviewing the phenomenon from the viewpoint of fluid–particle interaction. Then, the postulated model is presented from the viewpoint of a driving force. The potential of this model in furthering our understanding is also demonstrated by re-visiting Sato's experimental study on synergetic erosion. Further development of this model through experimental and numerical simulations is thus recommended.     

Uniform nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon nanospheres as catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction

Uniform nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon nanospheres with an average diameter of approximately 200 nm were prepared using sulfur and polyacrylonitrile as precursors. The materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The characterization results suggest the as-prepared materials had uniform, porous, nanospherical morphologies and high surface areas. For the typical sample containing 9.5% sulfur, the surface area is up to 653 m² g⁻¹. The catalysts exhibited enhanced catalytic activity, outstanding long-term stability, and excellent methanol tolerance in an alkaline medium. Significantly, the sulfur addition was found to be vital in improving materials’ catalytic performance through preventing aggregation of the nanospheres, constructing porous structures, increasing the surface area, and participating in the formation of active sites.     

Ⅱ型滑移开裂行为下竹胶板单搭接结构力学特性

为研究竹胶板的剪切滑移力学行为与失效机理,建立竹胶板单搭接结构Ⅱ型滑移开裂数值模型,考虑非线性接触,利用无厚度cohesive黏聚力行为模拟黏接层损伤失效,从极限失效载荷、剥离应力及剪切应力角度分析单搭接结构在位移载荷作用下发生剪切滑移失效的演化规律,探究了竹胶板厚度、黏接长度、位移载荷量对搭接结构失效机制影响规律。结果表明,竹胶板厚度越小,搭接面沿长度两侧剥离失效越剧烈,一定范围内的竹板厚度增加可提高单搭接结构胶合能力;随着搭接长度增加,极限失效载荷增长率下降,搭接面上出现更多胶层界面黏合破坏区域,混合破坏模式更加明显,而自由边长度对搭接效果无显著影响;搭接面剥离失效占比随位移载荷增加而增加。研究结果可为竹材的胶合结构设计提供理论依据。     

五轴加工中心旋转轴几何误差元素区别建模辨识技术

构建五轴加工中心空间误差模型的关键环节在于准确辨识旋转轴位置相关几何误差元素（PDGE）和位置无关几何误差元素（PIGE）。以某五轴加工中心为研究对象,提出了一种面向旋转轴PDGE和PIGE的区别建模辨识方法。以多体系统理论和齐次坐标变换为基础,以两运动链末端所构空间向量欧氏范数的演变规律为依据,推导建立旋转轴PDGE与PIGE辨识基本方程,并借助球杆仪获取辨识基本方程求解所需参数;结合所建辨识基本方程揭示旋转轴PDGE与PIGE的耦合机制,提出了一种迭代方法以实现旋转轴PDGE和PIGE的准确分离与解耦。为验证上述辨识方法的有效性与准确性,提出一种基于虚拟样机的数值验证策略。仿真结果表明,所提辨识方法较好地解决了五轴加工中心旋转轴两类几何误差元素之间的耦合问题,可为建立加工中心空间模型提供准确的数据支撑。     

Q345/316L异种钢焊接残余应力与变形数值模拟

文中基于SYSWELD有限元分析软件对Q345/316L异种钢焊接过程的瞬态温度分布、残余应力及变形进行了数值模拟,并通过试验对其模拟结果进行了验证. 试验测量结果与数值模拟结果吻合良好,证明了利用SYSWELD模拟异种钢焊接的可靠性. 结果表明,异种钢焊接温度场呈不对称分布,Q345侧的高温区域范围更大. 不论是横向残余应力还是纵向残余应力,沿焊缝方向均呈帽状分布且在焊缝中部位置存在最大残余应力;在垂直于焊缝中央截面上,纵向残余应力与横向残余应力在焊缝和焊缝附近区域分布是不连续的,存在较大的应力梯度且应力状态也较复杂,而最大残余应力出现在Q345侧的熔合线处. 不同的热输入下模拟结果表明,在保证焊接接头质量的前提下,最好采用小热输入的焊接工艺.     

The effects of stoichiometry on the dry sliding wear of FeAl

The effects of alloy stoichiometry on the dry sliding wear behavior of B2-structured FeAl were investigated using four different FeAl alloys containing 40, 43, 48, and 50 at.% Al. Room temperature pin-on-disk tribotests were performed against an yttria-stabilized zirconia counterface in four different environments: air, oxygen, 4% hydrogen in nitrogen, and argon. It was found that the alloys had lower wear rates in both oxygen-free and water vapor-free environments, where the wear loss was roughly inversely related to the hardness. Interestingly, the wear rates were little affected by the presence of molecular hydrogen. In oxygen- or water vapor-containing environments, the effects of the environment predominated over any effects from the mechanical properties of the alloys. The tips of the worn pins were examined using both scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, the latter using specimens produced by focused ion beam milling. Zirconia particles were found to be embedded in a tribolayer on the worn tips of the pins. The results indicate that both two-body and three-body abrasive wear, as well as plastic deformation and delamination were the main wear mechanisms. The abrasive particles largely consisted of the counterface material.     

广义边界下含双相流水平井钻柱频率特性分析

钻柱在内流作用和旋转因素的影响下容易产生耦合振动,发生疲劳失效。本文基于微分求积法（DQM）对含双相流水平井钻柱耦合动力学特性进行了研究。利用扩展的Hamilton变分原理建立了计入内流、轴向压力及旋转等因素影响的水平井钻柱动力学方程。在振动问题中考虑了广义边界条件,通过改变边界等效弹簧刚度将模型简化为简支、悬臂等简单边界条件模型进行研究。通过分析旋转角速度、轴向压力、液相流速、气体体积分数等因素对模型频率特性的影响,得到了无量纲固有频率随不同参数变化的特征曲线。分析结果表明：不同边界条件下模型的频率特性曲线有很大的差别;气体体积分数对临界流速的影响在悬臂管系统中表现的更为明显;在简支管模型中,随着轴力的增大会产生模态耦合颤振。此外,通过液相流速和旋转角速度的频率云图展示了两种因素对钻柱频率特性的影响。     

Linear stone cutting tests with chisel tools for identification of cutting principles and predicting performance of chain saw machines

Different natural stone quarries are visited for collection of stone samples, determination of geological conditions, specifications and operational conditions of the chain saw machines and recording machine cutting performance with a data acquisition system. The samples are tested with a linear cutting test rig using chisel-type cutting tools with 0°, 15°, 30° and 45° sideways angles at different depths of cut and tool spacings, to determine stone cuttability, cutting characteristics of chain saw machines and effect of unsymmetric and symmetric sideways angles and different cutting patterns on cutting performance (tool forces, specific energy, optimum cutting geometry). A deterministic model is suggested for predicting performance of chain saw machines using the results of linear stone cutting experiments, and the laws of kinematics. The results of experimental studies and in-situ investigations indicate that the cutting action of chain saw machines can be successfully simulated by linear cutting experiments and the suggested model is proven, though requiring some additional study, to be a useful and reliable tool for selection, design, and performance prediction and optimization of chain saw machines.