工件表面缺陷图像检测中的自适应聚类

目的 针对工件表面形态复杂、干涉交叠缺陷难以实现自动分离、分类图像检测的情况,提出一种工件表面交叠缺陷自适应图像聚类方法。方法 首先提取工件表面缺陷二值图像,采用混合概率主成分分析器估计缺陷位置各像素点局部切空间信息,并改进局部切空间之间的相似性矩阵;然后通过改进局部密度峰值自适应方法,基于相似性矩阵确定聚类中心点和数目;最后通过谱多流形聚类,将各分析器所包含的像素点分配至不同缺陷流形结构中,实现多个交叠缺陷分离、检测。结果 首先通过比较计算与实际测量的长度、宽度来验证该方法对相互交叠结构缺陷良好、准确的分离效果,平均相对误差分别为0.957%和0.650%。其次为了体现该方法对于分离工件表面相互交叠缺陷的有效性及优越性,使用k-means聚类、谱聚类与该方法进行对比实验,证明了该方法良好的聚类效果。最后对所设计方法的稳定性进行测试,统计检测结果的平均ME值均在6%以下,正确聚类数目率高达99%~100%。结论 该方法能够较为准确地自动识别工件表面图像中存在相互干涉的不同缺陷,并进行分离。     

稀土金属Y对Ni-Cr-Al多孔材料高温抗氧化性能的影响

目的 研究稀土金属Y对Ni-Cr-Al多孔材料高温抗氧化性能的影响,探讨镍基多孔材料的应用原理.方法 以Ni,Cr,Al元素粉末为原材料,通过添加稀土金属Y,使用粉末冶金方法 制备多孔材料,研究其在不同温度时间段氧化后的氧化动力学曲线以及稀土金属Y在氧化过程的作用.结果 相比Ni-Cr-Al多孔材料,Ni-Cr-Al-Y组的氧化增重在前期(0～40 h)更高,在中期(40～220 h)基本持平,但后期却(220～400 h)低于Ni-Cr-Al组;2Y组的开孔隙率在1000℃下氧化400 h后减少率约为40.22％,其余组的下降幅度均在25％附近;Ni-Cr-Al-Y多孔材料的初始物相组织中出现了(Ni,Y)固溶体,β-NiAl物相衍射峰减小.结论 稀土金属Y的主要作用为前期降低贫Al相生成Al2O3的浓度,中期起"钉扎"作用,后期隔绝空气.     

工业纯铁和Fe-0.1Si合金热浸镀锌层的生长规律及其组织特征

以铁损来判断热浸镀锌的温度对镀锌层的影响,结果欠准;硅元素对镀锌存在sandelin效应.这2种因素对锌镀层的生长、质量及性能都有重大的影响,且都难以控制.为此,以工业纯铁和Fe-0.1Si(0.1%,质量分数)合金薄片为热镀锌基材,探讨锌液温度和钢中硅元素对镀层生长和镀层组织的影响.利用扫描电镜对2种基材在450～530℃内的热镀锌层厚度及其组织进行了测量与分析.结果表明:工业纯铁在480 ℃下热镀锌时镀层生长最快,Fe-0.1 Si合金在470℃热镀锌时镀层生长最快;在镀层生长最快的温度下,2种基材的镀层特征具有相似性;当镀锌温度超过500℃时,工业纯铁和Fe-0.1Si合金镀层中的ζ相消失,镀层由δ相组成.     

Potassium influence in the adsorption of hydrogen on graphene: A density functional theory study

The influence of potassium (K) on the hydrogen (H) adsorption on graphene (G) was studied by means of density functional theory with the generalized gradient approximation. The structural parameters, bonding and magnetic properties of one and two H atoms interacting with potassium doped graphene (H–K/G and 2H–K/G) are calculated for different energetically stable configurations. We found a charge transfer from K atom towards G even when the H atom pairs are adsorbed. This behavior is obtained for all the configurations studied here. The binding energy per H atom is greater in the most stable 2H–K/G arrangement than in both H–K/G and H/G systems. The present results suggest that the hydrogen atom binding energy on graphene layer could increase up to 82% due to the pre-adsorption of potassium.     

A mixed finite element method with exactly divergence-free velocities for incompressible magnetohydrodynamics

We introduce and analyze a mixed finite element method for the numerical discretization of a stationary incompressible magnetohydrodynamics problem, in two and three dimensions. The velocity field is discretized using divergence-conforming Brezzi–Douglas–Marini (BDM) elements and the magnetic field is approximated by curl-conforming Nédélec elements. The H¹-continuity of the velocity field is enforced by a DG approach. A central feature of the method is that it produces exactly divergence-free velocity approximations, and captures the strongest magnetic singularities. We prove that the energy norm error is convergent in the mesh size in general Lipschitz polyhedra under minimal regularity assumptions, and derive nearly optimal a priori error estimates for the two-dimensional case. We present a comprehensive set of numerical experiments, which indicate optimal convergence of the proposed method for two-dimensional as well as three-dimensional problems.     

A new meshless method based on MLPG for elastic dynamic problems

The basic concept and numerical implementation of a new local Petrov-Galerkin method for solving a dynamic problem are presented in this paper. It uses a radial basis function (RBF) coupled with a polynomial basis function as a trial function, and uses the Heaviside function as a test function of the weighted residual method. The shape function has the Kronecker Delta properties for the trial-function-interpolation, and so no additional treatment to impose essential boundary conditions. The method does not involve any domain and singular integrals to generate the global effective stiffness matrix except for the mass and damping matrice; it only involves a regular boundary integral. It possesses a great flexibility in dealing with the numerical model of the elastic dynamic problem under various boundary conditions with arbitrary shapes. The Newmark family of methods is adopted in computation. The numerical results also show that using a multiquadrics (MQ) function with the polynomial basis function as the interpolation function can give quite accurate numerical results. The a_Q and a_S are investigated which are parameters of the radii of the sub-domain and influence domain, respectively.     

工程陶瓷预压应力下超声振动辅助划痕实验研究

目的结合超声振动加工方法,探究工程陶瓷预压应力加工过程的工件表面损伤特性。方法建立预压应力下工程陶瓷超声振动辅助加工过程的工程学模型,结合Al_2O_3陶瓷划痕过程的离散元仿真结果和实验结果进行分析,采用扫描电镜对加工表面进行观察,使用三向动态压电测力仪测量划痕力。结果预压应力下超声振动辅助划痕过程能够去除沟槽边缘处的材料堆积,并且划痕沟槽边缘破碎呈现周期性。当预压应力为200 MPa、理论划痕深度为10μm时,普通划痕深度为7.58μm,宽度107.5μm,超声振动辅助划痕深度为8.55μm,宽度为143.5μm。结合仿真结果,超声振动辅助划痕过程可减小划痕沟槽的径向裂纹数量,增大径向裂纹深度。同时,两种划痕过程动态切向力出现明显差异,超声振动辅助划痕过程动态切向力较小,变化相对平稳。结论超声振动辅助加工过程可以减小工程陶瓷预压应力加工过程的切削力,提高材料加工效率。     

不同角度晶界对单层多晶二硫化钼摩擦性能的影响

目的考察不同角度晶界对单层多晶二硫化钼纳米片摩擦性能的影响,并探究其摩擦耗散机理。方法用化学气相沉积法(CVD)制备单层多晶二硫化钼(MoS2),通过原子力显微镜力曲线测试和摩擦力实验,分别得出无晶界区域和晶界处的粘附力、摩擦系数、摩擦耗散。结果对于单层多晶MoS2,无晶界区域粘附力为7.20 nN,不同角度晶界处粘附力为11.11nN至11.40 nN。无晶界区域及−6°、33°、88°晶界区域(400 nm×400 nm)摩擦系数分别为0.00619、0.00645、0.00737和0.01760。在30~150 nN法向载荷范围内,探针经过无晶界区域产生的摩擦耗散变化范围为33.93×10^−16~46.88×10^−16 J,−6°晶界区域为37.15×10^−16~52.09×10^−16 J,33°晶界区域为38.76×10^−16~55.18×10^−16 J,88°晶界区域为46.59×10^−16~59.72×10^−16 J。结论晶界处吸附的极性粒子加强了探针与MoS2表面的相互作用,使得晶界处的粘附力比无晶界区域的大,但晶界角度对粘附力的影响不大。在一定测试范围内,晶界区域的摩擦系数要比无晶界区域的摩擦系数大,并随晶界角度增加而增大,摩擦过程中晶界区域产生的摩擦耗散也比无晶界区域多。晶界角度的不同可能会造成晶界处的弯曲刚度存在差异,从而探针滑移经过不同角度晶界时导致不同程度的褶皱效应。并且随着法向载荷的增大,探针在MoS2表面引起的面内变形程度越来越高,这样会引起表面褶皱效应,从而导致摩擦过程中产生的能量耗散随晶界角度和法向载荷增大而增加。     

Part-load characteristics of a new ammonia/lithium nitrate absorption chiller

A pre-industrial prototype of a new water-cooled ammonia/lithium nitrate absorption chiller was characterised at part-load operation mode. The chiller was built using brazed plate heat exchangers in all its components, including the absorber and the generator.A test campaign was carried out varying the thermal load in the chilled water circuit and keeping the hot and cooling water temperatures constant.Part-load curves of the thermal and electrical coefficients of performance were obtained, plotted and compared with data from the literature on small capacity absorption chillers with conventional working pairs, namely ammonia/water and water/lithium bromide. The experimental results showed that to achieve a higher electrical coefficient of performance at part-load operation, it was much more convenient to use an ON-OFF control than to modify the hot water temperature. Furthermore, using a simple ON-OFF control strategy, the behaviour of the new absorption chiller was more agile and responded more quickly.The part-load curve of the electrical coefficient of performance was obtained by adjusting the experimental data to the shape of the curve proposed in the standard prEN-14825:2011 for air-to-water chillers. The Cc coefficient was 0.7985 matching the value obtained dividing the remaining electrical consumption measured during the OFF half cycles by the total energy consumption generated.     

Thermal and environmental assessment of a passive building equipped with an earth-to-air heat exchanger in France

In France, where a division by 4 of the greenhouse gases emissions is aimed from 1990 to 2050, technical solutions are studied in order to reduce energy consumption while providing a satisfactory thermal comfort level in buildings. A two-dwelling passive building has been carried out in Formerie (North-West of France), complying the “Passivhaus” standard. This building, not yet monitored, has been modeled using the dynamic simulation software COMFIE, which is dedicated to building eco-design. In order to account for the implemented ventilation system, including a heat recovery unit and an earth-to-air heat exchanger, a specific model has been developed and integrated to COMFIE as a new module. In this article, this model is described first. In order to quantify the benefits brought by a passive design, the simulation results are presented for the passive house and a reference house complying with the French thermal regulation for buildings. The heating load and thermal comfort level of both houses are compared, showing for the passive design a tenfold reduction of the heating load and a clear reduction of summer discomfort. Finally, the environmental assessment – carried out with the life cycle assessment tool EQUER – shows the reduction in primary energy consumption, global warming potential and other impacts brought by the passive house design. Passive house appears to be an adequate solution to improve the environmental performances of buildings in the French context.