Performance improvement of conventional and inverted polymer solar cells with hydrophobic fluoropolymer as nonvolatile processing additive

The morphology of the photoactive layer critically affects the performance of the bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells (PSCs). To control the morphology, we introduced a hydrophobic fluoropolymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as nonvolatile additive into the P3HT:PCBM active layer. The effect of PVDF on the surface and the bulk morphology were investigated by atomic force microscope and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Through the repulsive interactions between the hydrophilic PCBM and the hydrophobic PVDF, much more uniform phase separation with good P3HT crystallinity is formed within the active layer, resulting enhanced light harvesting and improved photovoltaic performance in conventional devices. The PCE of the conventional device can improve from 2.40% to 3.07% with PVDF additive. The PVDF distribution within the active layer was investigated by secondary ion mass spectroscopy, confirming a bottom distribution of PVDF. Therefore, inverted device structure was designed, and the PCE can improve from 2.81% to 3.45% with PVDF additive. Our findings suggest that PVDF is a promising nonvolatile processing additive for high performance polymer solar cells.     

太阳能热风发电技术研究进展

介绍了太阳能热风发电的产生背景、技术原理和特点。太阳能热风发电能够实现由太阳能到空气动能,最终到电能的转变,具有环保无污染、运行维护简单、缓解常规能源消耗等特点。简要介绍世界上第1座试验性质的太阳能热风发电站。对太阳能热风发电技术相关研究历程从试验研究和理论研究2个方面做了综述,重点介绍了澳大利亚电站的建设进展及最新相关学术研究进展,包括过渡段理论及试验研究、系统数值模拟和太阳能热风发电技术在高山地区的应用等。介绍我国太阳能资源情况,指出我国太阳能资源丰富,适合建造大型太阳能热风发电站。     

Development of a small DMFC bipolar plate stack for portable applications

The direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is regarded as a promising candidate in portable electronic power applications. Bipolar plate stacks were systematically studied by controlling the operating conditions, and by adjusting the stack structure design parameters, to develop more commercial DMFCs. The findings indicate that the peak power of the stack is influenced more strongly by the flow rate of air than by that of the methanol solution. Notably, the stack performance remains constant even as the channel depth is decreased from 1.0 to 0.6 mm, without loss of the performance in each cell. Furthermore, the specific power density of the stack was increased greatly from ∼60 to ∼100 W l⁻¹ for stacks of 10 and 18 cells, respectively. The current status of the work indicates that the power output of an 18-cell short stack reaches 33 W in air at 70 °C. The outer dimensions of this 18-cell short stack are only 80 mm × 80 mm × 51 mm, which are suitable for practical applications in 10–20 W DMFC portable systems.     

Modeling,numerical optimization,and irreversibility reduction of a dual-pressure reheat combined-cycle

Optimizing the gas-turbine combined-cycle is an important method for improving its efficiency. In this paper, a dual-pressure reheat combined-cycle was modeled and optimized for 80 cases. Constraints were set on the minimum temperature-difference for pinch points (PP_m), superheat approach temperature-difference, steam-turbine inlet temperature and pressure, stack temperature, and dryness fraction at the steam-turbine’s outlet. The dual-pressure reheat combined-cycle was optimized using two different methods; the direct search and the variable metric. A technique to reduce the irreversibility of the steam generator of the combined cycle was introduced. The optimized and the reduced-irreversibility dual-pressure reheat combined-cycles were compared with the regularly-designed dual-pressure reheat combined-cycle, which is the typical design for a commercial combined-cycle. The effects of varying the inlet temperature of the gas turbine (TIT) and PP_m on the performance of all cycles were presented and discussed. The results indicated that the optimized combined-cycle is up to 1% higher in efficiency than the reduced-irreversibility combined-cycle, which is 2–2.5% higher in efficiency than the regularly-designed combined-cycle when compared for the same values of TIT and PP_m. The advantages of the optimized and reduced-irreversibility combined-cycles were manifested when compared with the most efficient commercially-available combined cycle at the same value of TIT.     

New Paradigm of Data-Driven Smart Customisation through Digital Twin

Big data is one of the most important resources for the promotion of smart customisation. With access to data from multiple sources, manufacturers can provide on-demand and customised products. However, existing research of smart customisation has focused on data generated from the physical world, not virtual models. As physical data is constrained by what has already occurred, it is limited in the identification of new areas to improve customer satisfaction. A new technology called digital twin aims to achieve this integration of physical and virtual entities. Incorporation of digital twin into the paradigm of existing data-driven smart customisation will make the process more responsive, adaptable and predictive. This paper presents a new framework of data-driven smart customisation augmented by digital twin. The new framework aims to facilitate improved collaboration of all stakeholders in the customisation process. A case study of the elevator industry illustrates the efficacy of the proposed framework.     

An online multiple object tracker based on structure keeper net

We propose a novel online multiple object tracker taking structure information into account. State-of-the-art multi-object tracking (MOT) approaches commonly focus on discriminative appearance features, while neglect in different levels structure information and the core of data association. Addressing this, we design a new tracker fully exploiting structure information and encoding such information into the cost function of the graph matching model. Firstly, a new measurement is proposed to compare the structure similarity of two graphs whose nodes are equal. With this measurement, we define a complete matching which performs association in high efficiency. Secondly, for incomplete matching scenarios, a structure keeper net (SKnet) is designed to adaptively establish the graph for matching. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments on benchmarks including MOT2015 and MOT17. The results demonstrate the competitiveness and practicability of our tracker.

     

概率表示的二进制粒子群算法在组卷中的应用

在组卷优化问题的研究中,组卷受到多约束条件的限制。为提高在线考试系统中试卷的质量,提出采用概率表示的二进制粒子群优化算法(BPSO)的智能组卷策略,采用粒子群优化算法有效克服遗传算法的局部搜索能力差,以及导致"早熟"和收敛速度不理想等缺陷。在标准粒子群算法基础上,利用贝叶斯公式对粒子群算法进行改进,克服人为因素对算法收敛速度的影响,同时算法的时间性能和空间性能得到进一步提升。通过仿真证明改进算法是一种切实可行的组卷策略。     

多元QoS约束下电力通信无线资源分配的边缘代理调度方法

为满足不同配电通信业务的服务质量要求,BS需要在时变网络条件下实时优化无线资源。提出一种基于级联深度网络的接入网无线资源边缘代理调度方法,将时频资源和发射功率分配给延迟耐受度不同的业务。核心网采用网元功能与专用硬件设备解耦的软切片方法,在保证负荷在规定时长内可靠切除的同时,提高了核心网服务器对不同业务的时空间复用能力。仿真结果表明,多业务并列运行时RTU与协控子站间的接入时延与TD-LTE专网相比降低40.76%,相邻第一第二信道间的功率泄露比均高于45 dB,满足毫秒级负荷切除业务分路整组动作时延和通信可靠性的要求。     

考虑电动汽车停泊概率的配电网接纳电动汽车能力评估方法

针对规模化电动汽车无序充电易导致配电网电压及潮流越限,需要定量评估配电网接纳电动汽车的能力问题,提出考虑电动汽车停泊概率的配电网接纳能力评估方法。首先在充电负荷建模环节增加考虑电动汽车停泊概率的影响,采用二阶段方法确定充电负荷所在节点;其次对基础负荷的季节特性进行建模,以研究由此导致的配电网接纳能力季节差异;建立了考虑静态安全约束的接纳能力评估模型,采用机会约束消除充电负荷预测偏差对评估准确度的影响。最后通过算例验证了所提评估方法的有效性。