Milk fat globule size,phospholipid contents and composition of milk from purebred and Alpine-crossbred Mid-Eastern goats under confinement or grazing condition

Milk fat globule (MFG) size and phospholipids (PL) content and composition were determined in milk collected at 65 (pretreatment), 110, 135 and 170 days of lactation from goats randomly assigned to grazing in Mediterranean brushland or fed clover hay indoors, in addition to concentrate. Daily feed intake and dietary contents of neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre were higher in grazing goats, associated with milk richer in fat, with larger MFGs and 20% higher PL content. Smaller MFGs, produced by all confinement groups, was associated with 15 μg g⁻¹ fat higher milk PL content. The greatest effect was found in the Damascus goats, with over 44% higher PL concentration, on milk fat basis, in the confined compared with grazing group. Our understanding of how PL content is modulated by the interaction between genetic background and nutrition will enable to achieve either PL-rich milk or PL-enriched milk fat.     

Esterase activity inspired selection and characterization of zearalenone degrading bacteria Bacillus pumilus ES-21

Zearalenone (ZEN), mainly produced by Fusarium species, is an estrogenic mycotoxin which causes reproductive disorders in livestock. In this study, we described a simple and rapid method for screening of ZEN-degrading bacteria by esterase activity assay. Soil bacteria strains were first tested for their esterase activities, then active strains were further evaluated for their ZEN-degrading potentials. A bacterial strain named Bacillus pumilus ES-21 was detected to be able to eliminate ZEN in the culture medium. ZEN degradation conditions were optimized through response surface methodology and the result showed that the degradation rate of ZEN by Bacillus pumilus ES-21 was up to 95.7% at the ZEN concentration of 17.9 μg/ml within 24 h. One of the degradation product was proposed to be 1-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-6′-hydroxy-l′-undecen-l0′-one according to LC-TOF-MS/MS analysis. This study provided a strategy for the isolation of ZEN degrading microbes and a promising degrading strain.     

Thermal markers arising from changes in the protein component of milk

Classification of heat load applied to milk requires the detection of parameters appropriately related to the intensity of the heat treatment. Current analytical methods based on heat-induced changes in the protein component of milk have been directed either to determine the amount of protein-derived products arised from heat treatments or to evaluate the extent of thermal denaturation of milk proteins. Lately, a new analytical strategy has been developed according to the occurrence of three major whey proteins, namely bovine serum albumin (BSA), beta-lactoglobulin (βlg) and alfa-lactalbumin (αla), normally soluble at pH 4.6 in raw milk, in the pH 4.6 insoluble protein fraction recovered from heat-treated milk. The results have shown that pH 4.6 insoluble BSA, βlg and αla, as detected by ELISA in milk, can be regarded as thermal markers suited for either dairy process control or regulation purposes.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定樱桃番茄中四种季铵类农药

建立了4种季铵类农药(矮壮素、燕麦枯、敌草快和缩节胺)的高效液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)检测方法。样品用75%乙腈-水溶液提取,高速离心后取上清液过尼龙滤膜,用亲水柱分离,以含0.1%甲酸的水:乙腈=25:75(V:V)作为流动相,在正离子多反应监测(MRM)模式下进行测定。4种季铵类农药的线性范围为0.5～100ng/mL,线性相关系数在0.9982～0.9996范围内,方法检出限为0.005mg/kg,可以满足国际限量的要求。在0.04、0.08、0.16mg/kg添加浓度下,4种季铵类农药的回收率为91.4%～106.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于15%。本方法可用于樱桃番茄样品中4种季铵类农药的测定。     

Synthesis of a new ion imprinted polymer material for separation and preconcentration of traces of uranyl ions

Uranyl ion imprinted polymers (IIPs) were synthesized by formation of ternary or binary complexes of uranyl ion $({\text{UO}}_2^{2+})$ with Piroxicam (Pir) and 4-vinylpyridine (VP) as chelating agent following copolymerizing with styrene as functional monomer and divinylbenzene (DVB) or ethyleneglycoldimethyl methacrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linking monomer using 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator. Control polymers (CPs) were prepared under identical conditions without the use of uranyl imprint ion. The synthesized polymers were characterized by IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis techniques. Of the several polymers synthesized, the imprinted polymer formed with ternary complex of ${\text{UO}}_2^{2+}\text{-Pir}''–''\text{VP}$ (1:2:2;IIP1) showed quantitative enrichment of uranyl ion from aqueous solution. Then various parameters that affect the preconcentration were optimized in both batch and column methods. The percent enrichment and retention capacity of IIP1 for ${\text{UO}}_2^{2+}$ was found to be 98% and 38.58 mg g⁻¹, respectively. The proposed IIP1 was tested for preconcentration of uranyl ion from ground water and sea water samples.     

An immunoassay for ochratoxin A without the mycotoxin

Phage display peptide libraries allow the selection of new molecules capable of mimicking the structural and functional features of native proteins or chemicals. This technology can be applied to developing new reagents, which may serve as the surrogate of the original objects. In order to screen peptides capable of mimicking ochratoxin A (OTA) in the interaction with anti-OTA monoclonal antibody (McAb) and establish the immunoassay for OTA, an anti-OTA McAb was used as the target for panning-elution selection from a phage random seven-peptide library. After four rounds of panning, 11 phages were found to be able to mimic OTA in binding with the antibody. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for detecting OTA was established with the phages. In the most sensitive assay, the linear range of the inhibition curve was 200–8000 pg/ml; the detection limit was 150 pg/ml. The inserted peptide sequences were deduced by DNA sequencing. The common amino acid residue sequence was IR(V)PMV(L)XX (X is any amino acid residues), which was verified by two synthesized peptides. The results demonstrated that those phage peptides could be used as the surrogate of OTA to establish the immunoassay.     

多酚复合材料的种类及应用研究进展

多酚复合材料是多酚与某种配合物通过共价键或非共价键相互作用合成的新型复合体。与多酚结合的配合物种类多样，尤以多糖、蛋白质、磷脂等生物大分子以及金属元素居多。通过合成多酚复合材料可显著改善某些天然多酚水溶性差、稳定性差、生物利用率低等问题，不仅可以增强多酚作为口服营养素或药物的靶向释放，还可以用作体外植物源抑菌剂，很大程度上扩大了多酚在食品、药品、农产品质量安全等领域的应用范围。本文在总结近年来多酚复合材料最新研究结果的基础上，综述了多酚复合材料的不同类型、结构表征和功能性质以及应用现状，最后针对多酚复合材料在目前研究中存在的问题以及今后的重点研究方向提出了合理建议。