Opportunistic channel selection approach under collision probability constraint in cognitive radio systems

In this work, we consider a cognitive radio system with multiple primary channels and one secondary user, and then we introduce a channel-usage pattern model and some basic concepts in this system. Based on this system model and the basic concepts, we propose two opportunistic channel selection algorithms to optimize the throughput of the secondary user: minimum collision rate channel selection algorithm and minimum handoff rate channel selection algorithm. According to the two algorithms, we, respectively, present the channel selection scheme based on minimum collision rate algorithm (CSS-MCRA) and the channel selection scheme based on minimum handoff rate algorithm (CSS-MHRA) under the constraint that the collision probability is bounded below collision tolerable level. Theoretical analysis and simulation results both show that, on one hand, both CSS-MCRA scheme and CSS-MHRA can follow the constraint of collision tolerable level; on the other hand, the performance of CSS-MCRA scheme is better than that of CSS-MHRA scheme if handoff latency is zero or very low, while the performance of CSS-MHRA scheme is better than that of CSS-MCRA scheme if handoff latency is long enough.     

一例孕产妇单核细胞增生李斯特菌感染的溯源调查及发病机制探讨

目的 针对一例孕产妇李斯特菌病开展病例调查和溯源分析,探讨感染来源和单增李斯特菌病的发病机制,为防控李斯特菌病提供依据。方法 开展现场流行病学调查,收集病例信息,采集病例血液标本、家庭冰箱内食品及厨房环境样本、家庭附近农贸市场的食品样本,针对不同来源样本中的单增李斯特菌进行检测。结果 病例经常食用从农贸市场购买的中式凉拌菜（5～7次/周）,在家自制或二次加工中式凉拌菜。其家庭冰箱冷藏室储存食物生熟不分,且生食水果在冰箱中出现腐烂现象。厨房的两块菜板生熟不分、清洗消毒不及时,厨房操作面存在交叉污染。检测结果显示,11份样本中共分离出3株单增李斯特菌,1株来自该病例的血液标本,2株来自厨房冰箱内食品涂抹和菜板涂抹。提示该病例由于食用污染食品导致感染并通过胎盘屏障感染胎儿。结论 本起事件是丰台区首次在食品和环境中尝试溯源单增李斯特菌病的感染来源。病例家庭冰箱内生肉和胡萝卜、厨房环境涂抹样本中均检出单增李斯特菌,明确了食品与环境交叉污染导致病例单增李斯特菌感染发病;医院的早期识别及处置是避免新生儿不良结局出现的重要保障。     

Drowned in an inch of water: How poor regulation has weakened the Italian water reform

Italy reformed its water and sanitation services in 1994. The strategy aimed at transforming public entities, financed by the central budget, into self-sufficient professional companies regulated at arms' length. Nearly 20 years after, the reform has failed to deliver (despite some partial success). Italians have been divided in two parties: those blaming public sector inefficiencies and calling for competitive tendering; and those refusing to privatize water and willing to go back to the fiscal budget. In this article, we suggest that both parties are wrong. Underperformance is not related to the ownership structure of water companies, but rather to poor regulatory design and lack of understanding of the regulatory requirements that are implicit in the management model chosen, namely the concession contract.     

Embracing interference in ad hoc networks using joint routing and scheduling with multiple packet reception

We present an approach that takes advantage of multi-packet reception (MPR) to reduce the negative effects of multiple access interference and therefore increase the capacity of an ad hoc network. We analyze the performance upper bound of joint routing and scheduling for ad hoc networks that embrace interference by using MPR. We formulate the optimization problem under a deterministic model and seek to maximize the aggregate network throughput subject to minimum rate requirements. We then propose a polynomial-time heuristic algorithm aimed at approximating the optimal solution to the joint routing and channel access problem under MPR. We show the effectiveness of our heuristic algorithm by comparing its performance with the upper bound.     

胶束电动毛细管色谱法分析3种交链孢毒素主成分含量

目的 建立胶束电动毛细管色谱法(micellar electrokinetic chromatographic, MEKC)测定3种交链孢毒素[交链孢酚(alternariol, AOH)、交链孢酚单甲醚(alternariol monomethyl ether, AME)和交链孢菌酮酸(tenuazonic acid, TeA)]主成分含量的新分析方法。方法 以未涂层熔融石英毛细管柱(50μm×30 cm, 20 cm, i.d.)为分离柱,分别以3种分离缓冲溶液[40 mmol/L Na_2B_4O_7-120 mmol/L十二烷基硫酸钠(sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS)(含体积分数为5%的乙腈)、30mmol/LNa_2B_4O_7-40mmol/LSDS(含体积分数为30%的异丙醇)和60mmol/L Na_2B_4O_7-180 mmol/L脱氧胆酸钠]及2种样品缓冲溶液[8 mmol/L硼砂(含体积分数为57%的甲醇用于AOH和TeA)、8mmol/L硼砂(含体积分数为57%的异丙醇用于AME)]分析AOH、AME和TeA的主成分含量。结果 AOH、AME、TeA的方法精密度分别为0.05%、0.01%和0.21%(n=5),检出限分别为5、15和0.5 mg/L。主成分含量分别为99.94%、99.78%和97.28%,且与高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)的结果无显著差异(α=0.05)。结论 MEKC法可作为HPLC法测定3种交链孢毒素主成分含量方法的互补方法 ,能够满足3种交链孢菌毒素主成分含量分析的要求。     

毛细管区带电泳-间接紫外检测法测定婴儿配方奶粉中的胆碱

目的建立毛细管区带电泳-间接紫外检测法测定婴儿配方奶粉中胆碱含量的新方法。方法用5 mmol/L乙酸提取婴儿配方奶粉样品中的胆碱,涡旋混匀、9000 r/min离心,上清液经0.45μm醋酸纤维素滤膜过滤后进样。用未涂覆熔融石英毛细管75μm×70 cm(有效长度:60 cm)作为分离柱。以10 mmol/L磷酸二氢钠+20 mmol/L磷酸+7 mmol/L 4-甲基咪唑为分离缓冲体系。分离电压为28 k V,进样压力及时间为0.5 psi、10 s,检测波长为214 nm。结果胆碱的校正峰面积与质量浓度在8.7~86.8 mg/L范围内间线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9997、检出限为2.6 mg/L、定量限为8.7 mg/L,方法的日内和日间精密度分别为1.9%和3.9%(n=7)。3个质量浓度添加水平的平均加标回收率分别为98.8%、95.2%及97.6%,相应RSD分别为0.8%、0.9%及0.6%(n=5)。用本法分析了10件婴儿配方奶粉样品,均获满意结果。结论本方法简单、无需有机溶剂,适用于婴儿配方奶粉中胆碱的常规检测。     

浊点萃取-纳米金探针联用可视化检测鱼肉中的Hg2+

目的建立一种浊点萃取与纳米金探针联用快速可视化检测鱼肉中Hg~(2+)的方法。方法修饰的纳米金粒子与Hg~(2+)的特异性络合,经浊点萃取进入有机相,并出现可肉眼观察的红色沉淀。根据有机相中沉淀量的多少或颜色深浅可判定Hg2+的浓度。结果 Hg~(2+)的浓度在1~15μg/L范围内,沉淀量和沉淀颜色与溶液中的Hg~(2+)的浓度呈正相关。本方法肉眼可识别的Hg~(2+)的浓度最低为2μg/L。结论本方法对Hg~(2+)的选择性好、灵敏度较高、检测时间短、操作简便,可用于鱼肉中Hg~(2+)的的快速定性分析。     

Metal–thermoplastic urethane hybrids in environmental exposure

The long-term properties of injection moulded metal–thermoplastic urethane (TPU) hybrids were studied. The hybrids manufactured with different metal substrates, namely copper, stainless steel and aluminium, were compared, using two surface modifications for copper and stainless steel. N-(β-aminoethyl)-γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane was used as coupling agent. It is concluded that the bond mechanism of the silane on different substrate differs, affecting the long-term behaviour of the respective hybrids. The thick layers of silane coupling agent on copper and stainless steel are sensitive to hydrolysis; thus the resistance in humid conditions is quite low. The high temperature exposure increased the bond strength and the fraction of cohesive failure in TPU in copper–TPU, aluminium–TPU and polished steel–TPU hybrids. The last one has native mixed oxide, contrary to controlled oxidised stainless steel, where adhesion decreased after any long-term experiments. This is suggested to derive from hydrogen bonding of the coupling agent to the surface Fe₂O₃ oxide.     

液相色谱串联质谱法测定调味品中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐

目的 建立调味品中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐的超高效液相色谱三重四极杆质谱(ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandems mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)测定方法,对市售调味品样品进行检测。方法 调味品用水和酸化的乙腈溶液超声提取,提取液经石墨化炭黑柱(GCB)和Ag/H固相萃取小柱净化,采用UPLC-MS/MS 多反应监测模式测定,同位素内标校正曲线法定量。结果 氯酸盐和高氯酸盐的线性范围分别为1～1 000 μg/L和0.10～100 μg/L,相关系数 R²≥0.99。调味品中氯酸盐的检出限为3.0 μg/kg,定量限为10.0 μg/kg;高氯酸盐的检出限为0.3 μg/kg,定量限为1.0 μg/kg。两种目标化合物在三个加标水平下的平均回收率为 86.5%～113.7%,相对标准偏差RSD为1.8%～15.3%。122件调味品中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐的检出率分别是76.2%(93/122)和93.4%(114/122),最高检出浓度分别为30.4 mg/kg和12.3 mg/kg。结论 本方法灵敏度高,重现性好,适用于调味品中的氯酸盐和高氯酸盐残留的测定;调味品中高氯酸盐的污染较为普遍,应进一步加强研究。