一次性使用医用手套标准解读

一次性医用手套是能够防止人们交叉感染的常用防护用品。随着新冠肺炎疫情在全球范围的迅速蔓延,疫情防控一线以及广大普通民众对一次性医用手套的需求与日俱增,其标准也受到广泛关注。本文对中国国家标准涉及一次性使用医用手套的4项产品标准进行了解读,并分析它们与国外同种产品标准间的对应关系以及重点指标的差异。     

The ability of eye-tracking metrics to classify and predict the perceived driving workload

Traffic safety is directly related to the mental and physical condition of the driver. Performing regular secondary tasks while driving is an additional activity that dissipates attention and adds to the drivers' workload. Identifying driver fatigue and workload based on gaze behavior is one way to ensure a safe driving experience. The purpose of this paper is to classify and predict driving perceived workload using a set of eye-tracking metrics (gaze fixation, duration, pointing, and pupil diameter). The ability of eye-tracking metrics to predict driving workload has been investigated. As a result, frustration, performance, and temporal load showed a correlation with gaze metrics. Gaze point, duration, fixation, and pupil diameter significantly influence driving workload.Relevance to industry: Results will supply the specialists in eye-tracking/sensor technologies and traffic safety with new knowledge to improve the design of the driving performance and safety monitoring systems and efficiency of the driving process.     

An evolution strategy-based multiple kernels multi-criteria programming approach: The case of credit decision making

Credit risk analysis has long attracted a great deal of attention from both academic researchers and practitioners. However, because of the recent financial crisis, this field continues to draw ever increasingly attention. A multiple kernels multi-criteria programming approach based on evolution strategy (ES-MK-MCP) is proposed for credit decision making in this study. We introduce a linear combination of kernel functions to enhance the interpretability of credit classification models, and propose an alternative to optimize the parameters based on the evolution strategy. For illustration purpose, two UCI credit card data sets are used to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed model. As the experimental results reveal, the proposed ES-MK-MCP model is an efficient tool for credit risk analysis, especially for decision makers to identify the most relevant features.     

泊松过程在用户上下线模型中的应用

提出了基于非齐次泊松过程的宽带拨号上网(ADSL)用户上下线模型.对用户上下线行为进行建模,并基于现网真实数据,使用模型计算用户24 h内的每时刻退出登录的平均概率,将模型的预测值与现网实测数据进行对比,分析了不同用户组退出登录概率一天内的变化和持续在线平均概率的变化.分析结果表明,提出的ADSL宽带用户上下线模型可以有效、量化地描述用户上下线行为,在ADSL宽带用户上下线行为的异常检测和舆情分析等领域具有较好的工程应用价值.     

Bar-coated high-performance organic thin-film transistors based on ultrathin PDFDT polymer with molecular weight independence

We report high-performance organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) with an ultrathin active layer of difluorobenzothiadiazole-dithienosilole copolymer (PDFDT) form by using the wire bar-coating process. The top-gate/bottom contact (TG/BC) OTFTs based on bar-coated PDFDT polymer as channel material and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as gate dielectric show a hole mobility of up to 2.2 cm² V⁻¹s⁻¹ with a current ON/OFF ratio (I_on/I_off) of 10⁴∼10⁵, with the mobility being two times larger than that of the spin-coated PDFDT based OTFTs. The higher mobility of the bar-coated PDFDT polymer films can be attributed to the well-organized fibril structures of the polymer chains. Importantly, two different molecular weight polymers (M_n = 23 and 34 kDa) were employed to conduct these experiments and both batches showed about the same performance, which mitigates the typical batch-to-batch variation in OTFT performance. Furthermore, we explored the operational stability of the bar-coated OTFTs in ambient air and nitrogen environments. The bias-stress and cycling tests between the ON/OFF states of the bar-coated devices showed high stability in both nitrogen and air. Conclusively, here we demonstrate that (i) a simple bar-coating process is a better method to control and obtain good polymer morphology in comparison to spin-coating, and (ii) the PDFDT polymer has great potential to provide good reproducibility and stability in large-area OTFT devices.     

Synergetic effects of high-pressure carbon dioxide and nisin on the inactivation of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Synergetic effects of high-pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) and nisin on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated. Changes in morphology, interior structure, and membrane permeability were analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and flow cytometry. Synergetic effects were found, especially in S. aureus. HPCD alone or with nisin led to morphological and intracellular alterations in both bacteria, but nisin alone led to these damages only in S. aureus. A positive correlation between membrane damage and inactivation was found, but ratios of inactivation were higher, probably because of viable but non-culturable state. Mechanisms were proposed for synergism: for E. coli, outer membrane was damaged first by HPCD, and then HPCD and nisin jointly acted on and destroyed the cytoplasmic membrane, leading to further intracellular damage by HPCD; for S. aureus, HPCD and nisin acted on the cytoplasmic membrane together leading to cell death.Industrial RelevanceEscherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are two common microorganisms, which exist widely in the environment and easily contaminate food such as vegetables and dairy products, respectively. Considering heat treatment may destroy some heat-sensitive quality of the products, this study evaluated synergetic effects of high-pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) combined with the bacteriocin nisin. The investigations provided evidence for potentially combined application of HPCD and nisin to help keep food safe in the industry.     

A Wiener process model for accelerated degradation analysis considering measurement errors

Accelerated degradation analysis plays an important role in assessing reliability and making maintenance schedule for highly reliable products with long lifetime. In practical engineering, degradation data, especially measured under accelerated condition, are often compounded and contaminated by measurement errors, which makes the analysis more challenging. Therefore, a Wiener process model simultaneously incorporating temporal variability, individual variation and measurement errors is proposed to analyze the accelerated degradation test (ADT). The explicit forms of the probability distribution function (PDF) and the cumulative distribution function (CDF) are derived based on the concept of first hitting time (FHT). Then, combining with the acceleration models, the maximum likelihood estimations (MLE) of the model parameters are obtained. Finally, a comprehensive simulation study involving two examples and a practical application are given to demonstrate the necessity and efficiency of the proposed model.     

塑料拖鞋中有毒有害化学物质的风险分析

本文分析了塑料拖鞋存在的有毒有害化学物质的潜在风险因素和危害,通过国内外的相关标准的对比分析,发现我国标准在限制塑料拖鞋中有毒有害化学物质的方面滞后于欧美地区,缺乏强制性的塑料拖鞋标准。通过对流通领域样品检测数据的分析,结合我国塑料拖鞋中有毒有害化学物质的现状,建议相关部门完善塑料拖鞋的相关标准,加强对企业原料质量和生产过程的监管。     

AHP-模糊综合评价法在标准实施效果评价中的应用

开展标准实施效果评价能够对标准的实施状况、标准的科学性有一个客观和科学的认识,对标准的制修订工作有重要的指导意义。本文以石油工业标准为研究对象,从标准实施状况、标准实施监督、标准经济效益和标准社会效益4个方面构建了评价体系,综合运用层次分析法(AHP)和模糊综合评价法对标准实施效果进行评价。评价结果表明,该方法可以实现定性分析和定量分析的有效结合,使评价结果更符合实际情况,为标准实施效果评价提供了一种新的思路。     

Repurposing fish waste into gelatin as a potential alternative for mammalian sources: A review

Mammalian gelatin is extensively utilized in the food industry because of its physicochemical properties. However, its usage is restricted and essentially prohibited for religious people. Fish gelatin is a promising alternative with no religious and social restrictions. The desirable properties of fish gelatin can be significantly improved by various methods, such as the addition of active compounds, enzymes, and natural crosslinking agents (e.g., plant phenolics and genipin), and nonthermal physical treatments (e.g., ionizing radiation and high pressure). The aim of this study was to explore whether the properties of fish gelatin (gel strength, melting or gelling temperature, odor, viscosity, sensory properties, film-forming ability, etc.) could be improved to make it comparable to mammalian gelatin. The structure and properties of gelatins obtained from mammalian and fish sources are summarized. Moreover, the modification methods used to ameliorate the properties of fish gelatin, including rheological (gelling temperature from 13–19°C to 23–25°C), physicochemical (gel strengths from ∼200 to 250 g), and thermal properties (melting points from ∼25 to 30°C), are comprehensively discussed. The relevant literature reviewed and the technological advancements in the industry can propel the development of fish gelatin as a potential alternative to mammalian gelatin, thereby expanding its competitive market share with increasing utility.