采前水杨酸处理对哈密瓜果实防御酶的诱导

采用1.0、2.0、3.0 mmol/L水杨酸分别在"蜜农9号"哈密瓜开花前1周、幼果期(花后2周)、果实迅速膨大期(花后3周)和网纹形成期(花后4周)对植株进行4次喷洒.依次在幼果期、膨大期、网纹形成期和成熟期进行取样.分析不同浓度水杨酸处理后果实体内3种防御性酶活性的变化.结果表明:采前1.0、2.0、3.0 mmol/L水杨酸处理均能有效地提高哈密瓜果实中过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性,尤其以2.0 mmol/L水杨酸处理酶活性增加最为显著.     

High hydrostatic pressure treatment as an alternative to pasteurization to maintain bioactive compound content and texture in red sweet pepper

Red sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum) are an excellent source of essential nutrients and bioactive compounds. High hydrostatic pressures (HHP) not only increase shelf-life but also maintain nutritional and organoleptic properties better in a number of food products. The aim of this work was to measure the effect of HHP and a thermal treatment, pasteurization (PA) in a water bath at 70 °C for 10 min, on some bioactive compounds (fibre, carotenoids and antioxidant activity) and on the texture (TPA; firmness and shear force) of red Lamuyo-type sweet peppers, in order to discover the relationship between treatment (HHP and PA), tissue microstructure and bioactive compound extractability. The results show that HHP at 500 MPa and PA treatments had less impact on the microstructure, bioactive compound content (fibre and antioxidant activity) and texture of red sweet peppers, than when low pressures were used. Consequently, new functional foods could be developed using red sweet pepper tissues treated with high pressures (500 MPa) and/or PA.Industrial relevanceToday’s consumers demand foods that are rich in bioactive compounds with beneficial health effects and safer, more natural, minimally-processed food products. Red sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum) are an excellent source of essential nutrients and bioactive compounds such as carotenoids and fibre. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing is considered one of the most economically viable of the non-thermal technologies that helps to preserve red sweet peppers with high nutritional and quality parameters. Therefore, it would be interesting to study the microstructure of HHP-treated red sweet pepper tissues in order to discover whether this treatment promotes the extractability of bioactive compounds, and to compare the results with those obtained by pasteurizing the red sweet pepper. Thus, these enhanced red sweet peppers could be used as ingredients in the formulation of new functional foods.     

新疆马铃薯种薯综合保鲜技术的研究

对新疆马铃薯种薯进行了贮藏研究,确定了最佳贮藏条件,并对贮藏过程中的干物质、淀粉、还原糖、蛋白质和Vc含量变化进行了分析.结果表明:最佳贮藏条件是低温3～5 ℃ 套袋处理,在此条件下贮藏的马铃薯失重率、腐烂率和发芽率均最低.贮藏过程中还原糖含量的变化始终遵循着淀粉-还原糖-淀粉的可逆动态平衡;随着贮藏时间的延长,马铃薯Vc含量逐渐降低;蛋白质、干物质含量变化不明显;淀粉含量呈先下降,到了末期有所回升的趋势.     

甲壳素固定化β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶的研究

以甲壳素为载体、戊二醛为交联剂,固定β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶,对β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶的固定化条件进行了研究,并通过正交实验确定了酶固定的最佳条件：戊二醛浓度0.7%,交联时间4h,吸附时间为9h,反应温度40℃,此时酶活力回收率可达67.32%。     

Antimicrobial activity of nobiletin and tangeretin against Pseudomonas

The inhibitory activities of two polymethoxylated flavone (PMFs) monomers (nobiletin and tangeretin) have been investigated against Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosain vitro. The effects on cell morphology, the release of cell constituents, the synthesis of proteins and the activities of key dehydrogenase were examined to elucidate their antibacterial mechanism. The concentration of transaminase and reducing sugar in bacterial solutions increased significantly when treated with nobiletin and tangeretin. Electron microscopy showed that the structure of the bacterial cells was destroyed and accompanied with induced cells plasmolysis. Nobiletin and tangeretin also inhibited the activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and reduced proteins synthesis in bacterial cells. It is proposed that nobiletin and tangeretin destroyed the permeability of the cell membrane, with release of the cell constituents, leading to metabolic dysfunction, inhibition of protein synthesis, and eventually to cell pyknosis and death.     

Study of taste-active compounds in the water-soluble extract of mature Cheddar cheese

The chemical composition of the water-soluble extracts of mature Cheddar cheese were identified, with the emphasis on understanding the interplay of compounds contributing to the savoury taste in Cheddar. The ultra-filtered water-soluble extracts of two mature Cheddar cheeses were fractionated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). By sensory evaluation, two taste-active GPC fractions were identified from each cheese. On the basis of chemical profiling of these fractions, aqueous model tastant mixtures were prepared and sensory omission tests carried out. Glutamic acid, organic acids and mineral salts were the main tastants, whereas the other amino acids had a limited impact on taste. The characteristic umami taste was explained by a synergistic effect of glutamic acid and salts. Matching umami taste intensities were obtained from different concentrations of glutamic acid and salts. Unmasking of a bitter or sweet taste from mixtures of sub-threshold concentrations of amino acids without glutamic acids was also observed.     

Ferulic acid reduced histamine levels in the smoked horsemeat sausage

This study assessed the effect of ferulic acid on the accumulation of histamine in traditional Xinjiang smoked horsemeat sausage. The dynamics of histamine‐producing microorganisms were monitored by PCR‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) with specific primer pairs, and histidine and histamine levels were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Relative parameters including microbiological growth, pH and moisture content were also evaluated. PCR‐DGGE provided a rapid and convenient method for detecting and identifying histamine‐producing bacteria. The results showed that ferulic acid reduced the histamine concentration and inhibited the growth of histamine‐producing bacteria during fermentation and ripening. Additionally, the inhibitory effect of ferulic acid was stronger than that of the starter culture. Therefore, ferulic acid appears to be a useful additive for manufacturing fermented sausages.     

鸡蛋高温贮藏下脂质变化及酶活相关性研究

本研究通过考察鸡蛋高温贮藏(37℃)条件下脂质组分变化、脂肪酶活性变化及氧化指标的变化,并借助相关性分析阐释酶活变化与脂质氧化的内在联系。实验结果表明:贮藏过程中鸡蛋失重率、蛋黄p H、蛋黄水分含量显著增加而蛋黄指数和哈弗单位(HU)显著下降(p0.05);37℃贮藏15 d后,总脂质含量由于水分迁移而呈现下降趋势(从28.93 g/100 g降至24.20 g/100 g),磷脂含量显著降低(45.55 g/100 g降至34.37 g/100 g脂质)而游离脂肪酸显著增加(1.24 g/100 g增至3.67 g/100 g脂质),与脂质变化相关的中性脂肪酶、酸性脂肪酶及磷脂酶至贮藏结束活力分别下降76.50%、56.78%、56.81%。磷脂组分中的磷脂酰胆碱(Phosphatidylcholine,PC)、磷脂酰乙醇胺(Phosphatidyl ethanolamine,PE)、磷脂酰肌醇(Phosphatidylinositol,PI)在贮藏过程中也呈现含量显著下降的趋势而过氧化值(Peroxide value,POV)、硫代巴比妥酸值(Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances,TBARS)呈现显著升高。相关性分析证明脂质组分变化与酶活变化显著相关。本研究说明鸡蛋贮藏中脂质会发生明显的水解及氧化,这些变化在一定程度上由酶促氧化造成。     

梅奇酵母氨基甲酸乙酯酶分离纯化与酶学性质分析及其对葡萄酒香气的影响

为了研究梅奇酵母所产生氨基甲酸乙酯（Ethyl Carbamate,EC）酶的性质,通过硫酸铵盐析、离子交换层析的方法对EC酶进行分离纯化,并对纯化后EC酶的酶学性质进行了分析。结果表明,纯化后EC酶对比纯化前的酶活提高了约1.2倍。纯化后EC酶最适反应温度为35 ℃,在25~45 ℃之间热稳定性较强;最适pH为5.5,在pH5~6时该酶稳定性强,即酸稳定性强,碱稳定性较差。当乙醇体积分数为12%~14%时,EC酶具有一定酶活。底物特异性结果表明,该EC酶对EC及其前体物质（尿素）具有较高的降解能力,且对于成品葡萄酒挥发性香气成分影响不显著。     

Chemical compositional characterization of eight pear cultivars grown in China

The sugar, organic acid, amino acid and fatty acid compounds of eight commercial pear cultivars were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with RI and UV detectors and gas-chromatography (GC) equipped with FID detector. The mineral composition was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results showed great quantitative differences in the composition of the pear cultivars. Fructose was the dominant sugar in the eight pear varieties, followed by glucose and sucrose, while malic acid was the principal organic acid. The C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids were clearly the most abundant fatty acids, and the C18 family comprised more than 70% of the total fatty acids content. Asparagine and serine were the principal amino acids. Potassium is the most abundant mineral, followed by magnesium and calcium. The results provide important information on how to make the best use of pear cultivars investigated for different uses, which is of significance for both technological research and processing practice.