High selectivity of erythritol production from glycerol by Yarrowia lipolytica

The effect of different vitamins and nitrogen sources on the yield, productivity and selectivity of erythritol production from glycerol in batch and fed-batch cultures by Yarrowia lipolytica Wratislavia K1 strain was examined in the study.Thiamine was a vitamin necessary for efficient erythritol production and the yeast extract (YE) turned out to be its best source. The YE was additionally a very good source of nitrogen in this process. Erythritol production may be efficient in the media containing only yeast extract and crude glycerol. The application of a high substrate concentration (325 kg m⁻³) in the fed-batch system with pulsed addition of glycerol resulted in erythritol production of 201.2 kg m⁻³ after 168 h of cultivation. The mass fraction of by-products, such as other polyols and organic acids, did not exceed 10%. The study showed that by-products formation could be significantly reduced by the addition of a nitrogen source after glycerol depletion from the media. Wratislavia K1 strain does not utilize erythritol in the presence of other carbon sources and this feature was used in order to increase product selectivity up to 99.7% and protein content in yeast biomass up to 28.7%. The factors determining the use of biomass as animal feed, i.e. protein concentration and presence of metal ions, were discussed as well.     

基于PI荧光图像计数的乳制品荧光性质分析

为分析添加PI染料时乳制品中不同的荧光成分如酪蛋白、黄油、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C等对荧光图像观察的影响,探究了不同乳制品及其成分在PI染色观察条件下的荧光性质,并以酿酒酵母为目标菌,研究了10种乳制品中酿酒酵母PI荧光图像计数结果。结果表明,酪蛋白、黄油、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C等成分及10种乳制品在发射光615 nm均可产生荧光,但不影响PI染色的酿酒酵母荧光计数的观察结果。使用荧光显微镜对添加105~107 CFU/mL酿酒酵母菌液的10种乳制品进行PI染色计数,并将荧光图像计数结果与平板计数结果进行比较。其中经荧光图像计数后得到的菌液浓度对数值分别在5.69~5.93、6.18~6.28、7.13~7.21之间,对应平板计数结果的对数值分别5.49~5.63、6.02~6.06、7.02~7.06之间,二者结果一致。使用 PI 进行荧光图像计数时,乳制品荧光虽然存在但不会对酿酒酵母荧光图像观察与计数造成影响。     

Computational study of CO2 methanation over two-dimensional molybdenum carbide catalysts

Two-dimensional molybdenum carbide (2D-Mo₂C) is thought to be promising for catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂ to CH₄, but little is known about its catalytic reaction mechanism. In this work, we investigate the hydrogenation of CO₂ to CH₄ on 2D-Mo₂C using density functional theory. Our calculations show that Mo on the surface can efficiently decompose CO₂ to CO and O, and also H₂ to H. The hydrogenation of CO produces CHO that is readily deoxygenated to CH, and CH is selectively hydrogenated to produce CH₄. Interestingly, the embedded Ir₁ on 2D-Mo₂C can act as a single-atom promoter to improve the performance of CO₂ methanation, while on the other hand maintaining its high selectivity for CH₄. This work provides insight into the mechanism of 2D-Mo₂C-catalyzed CO₂ methanation reactions and suggests a strategy to improve the performance of such catalysts through single-atom promoters.     

Prediction model for methanation reaction conditions based on a state transition simulated annealing algorithm optimized extreme learning machine

Methanation is the core process of synthetic natural gas, the performance of the entire reaction system depends on precise values of the reaction condition parameters. Accurate predictions of the CO conversion rate of the methanation reaction can eliminate time-consuming and complex steps in experiments and speed up the discovery of the best reaction conditions. However, the methanation reaction is an uncertain, highly complex, and highly nonlinear process. Thus, this paper proposes a machine learning prediction model for the methanation reaction to facilitate the subsequent search for optimal reaction conditions. The reaction temperature, pressure, hydrogen–carbon ratio, water vapor content, CO₂ content, and space velocity were selected as the condition variables. The CO conversion rate was the optimization objective. An extreme learning machine (ELM) was selected as a prediction model. Because the input weights and bias matrices of the ELM are randomly generated, an ELM based on a state transition simulated annealing (STASA-ELM) algorithm is proposed. The STASA algorithm was used to optimize the ELM to improve the accuracy and stability of the model. Five additional sets of experimental data were designed for the experiment, and the error between the experimental and predicted values was small. Thus, the STASA-ELM algorithm can accurately predict the conversion of CO for different values of reaction conditions.     

丝状自组装蛋白支架介导的双酶级联催化体系构建促进D-塔格糖合成

D-塔格糖是一种稀有的己酮糖,具有低能量、高甜度,在食品领域具有广泛的应用。目前,D-塔格糖的生物合成大多聚焦于异构酶途径及关键酶L-阿拉伯糖异构酶的挖掘与改造,多酶级联催化的应用较少,且受热力学平衡影响转化率较低。该研究首先构建并表征了来源于Methanocaldococcus jannaschii的丝状自组装蛋白支架EE/KK,结果显示,其在胞内外均可实现有效的荧光蛋白级联互作。其次,在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21（DE3）中应用EE/KK蛋白支架级联组装D-木糖还原酶（SsXR,Scheffersomyces stipitis来源的NAD(P)H-dependent D-xylose Reductase）和半乳糖醇脱氢酶（RlGDH,Rhizobium leguminosarum来源的SDR Family Oxidoreductase）,强化基于氧化还原酶途径合成D-塔格糖的效率。相较于游离体系,EE/KK级联体系的D-塔格糖产量提高50%。进一步对级联体系重组菌株BL21-EX/KG（EX和KG分别为EE-SsXR和KK-RlGDH蛋白复合体的缩写）发酵条件进行优化,结果表明：以Luria-Bertani（LB）培养基为发酵培养基,温度20 ℃,0.1 mmol/L异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷（Isopropyl-β-D-Thiogalactopyranoside,IPTG）下,以10 g/L乳糖为底物,D-塔格糖产量可达3.93 g/L,对乳糖转化率为0.39 g/g,为理论转化率（0.53 g/g）的74%,高于大多数以乳糖为底物合成D-塔格糖的报道。该研究为D-塔格糖生物合成提供潜在的高效菌株以及多酶级联组装提供有效的工具。     

计数标准微球分散及浓度对酿酒酵母计数的比较

针对计数标准微球在微生物计数中的微球聚集、使用浓度及统计数量进行分析比较。以计数标准微球和酿酒酵母ATCC9080为实验对象,研究了Tween 20、Tween 80对计数标准微球的分散效果以及标准微球浓度、统计数量对酿酒酵母计数结果的影响,并将标准微球计数结果与平板计数结果进行比较。实验表明计数标准微球在0.08% Tween 20或0.06% Tween 80中的分散效果适宜,可使分散指数为3.30。对每毫升105、106、107个酿酒酵母悬液进行计数时,统计的标准微球总数依次应不小于2 000、1 500、1 000个,统计的细胞总数分别应不小于200、400、2 600个。在每毫升105~107个酿酒酵母浓度范围,以每毫升106个标准微球最适宜,且对酿酒酵母的计数结果与平板计数结果呈线性关系（R2=0.996 9）。结果表明Tween 20或Tween 80可有效分散计数标准微球,采用分散的、适宜浓度的计数标准微球可对微生物悬液进行准确计数,明确了计数标准微球用于微生物计数的适宜参数,补充 GB/T 39730-2020标准微球使用条件。     

石莼多糖及其寡糖结构、制备及活性的研究进展

石莼多糖是石莼属海洋绿藻细胞壁的主要成分,其复杂的结构和单糖组成赋予了各种生物活性,如抗病毒、抗炎症、抗凝血、抗氧化等。但是提取得到的石莼多糖的分子量较大,存在溶解度低,生物利用率差等缺点,这很大程度地限制了石莼多糖的高值化开发与有效利用。通过降解石莼多糖得到的低分子量的寡糖产物,即石莼寡糖,不仅能够非常好地保留石莼多糖的多种生物活性,还能够有效地解决溶解度低、生物利用率差等问题。因此,石莼寡糖的制备与活性研究成为海洋生物资源开发研究领域的热点。目前,石莼寡糖主要是通过化学法,物理法和酶法三种降解方式制备得到的。该研究对石莼多糖的化学组成、结构、提取、纯化和降解制备寡糖的方法进行了综述,并对石莼寡糖的生物活性研究进展进行了总结与展望,为石莼多糖及其寡糖的研究提供理论基础并以期为海洋藻类资源的高值化开发与有效利用提供参考。     

褐藻胶多糖分子修饰酶的研究进展

褐藻胶作为一种线性多糖根据其结构和组成差异具有不同的生理生化特性,在食品、医药和化妆品等领域有着巨大的应用价值和潜力。褐藻胶的这些特性主要通过褐藻胶修饰酶如褐藻胶裂解酶、甘露聚糖C5差向异构酶、褐藻胶乙酰化酶和褐藻胶脱乙酰化酶的作用控制。作者主要概述了褐藻胶修饰酶合成和修饰褐藻胶的作用机理,总结了几种褐藻胶修饰酶的来源、分类、结构、作用方式和研究进程,重点阐述了褐藻胶裂解酶和甘露聚糖C5差向异构酶的相关研究进展,并对相关研究的未来发展提出展望,可为进一步开发和应用褐藻胶及其相关修饰酶提供借鉴和参考。     

Effects of high-intensity ultrasound treatment on physiochemical properties of caseins-cyanidin-3-galactoside conjugates

The application of protein-polyphenol complexes is increasing and broadening in recent years. Due to their unique properties, these complexes are attracting increased research interest. In this study, the cyanidin-3-galactoside was grafted to the caseins using free radicles induced by ultrasound. The formation of conjugation between caseins and cyanidin-3-galactoside was confirmed by the decrease in free amino groups and sulfhydryl content. Conjugation with cyanidin-3-galactoside resulted in aggregation of caseins, which also led to increase in particle size, relative fluorescence intensity and random coil. Conjugation also disrupted the hydrogen bonds and decreased the electrostatic repulsion and hydrophobic interactions between caseins. The caseins-cyanidin-3-galactoside conjugate had better emulsifying, gelation properties and lower thermal stability than that of caseins.