Headspace fingerprinting approach to identify the major pathway influencing volatile patterns of vinasse-cured duck processed by high pressure,as well as its impact on physicochemical and sensory attributes

As a decisive attribute, flavour could be influenced by HP treatments through multiple physical and chemical pathways within the high pressure (HP)-assisted meat curing process. This investigation aimed to identify the major pathway influencing volatile flavour patterns of two representative vinasse-cured duck (VCD) products with HP treatments (150–300 MPa/15 min), including wet and dry types, by employing headspace fingerprinting as an untargeted approach. Results suggested that HP treatments greatly lowered moisture contents and increased Warner-Bratzler shear force and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances of the cured samples. According to multivariate models, the volatile flavour patterns of the HP-processed VCD could be clearly separated from the unprocessed samples, but the VCD pressurised at different intensities represented similar volatile fingerprinting, which was validated by e-nose analysis. The discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model outlined vinasse-derived ethanol, acetic acid, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, phenethyl alcohol and 2-methyl-3-octanone as the major discriminant aromas across the unpressurised and pressurised samples.     

Effect of chemical phosphorylation on solubility of buffalo milk proteins

Buffalo milk proteins (casein, co-precipitate or whey protein concentrate) were phosphorylated with phosphorus oxychloride (POCl₃) at three different pH values (5.0, 7.0 and 9.0). The solubilities of phosphorylated milk proteins were examined over the pH range 3.0–9.0 in water and ionic (0.1 m NaCl or 10–70 mm Ca²⁺) systems. The solubilities of buffalo milk proteins decreased at pH 3.0, while there was an increase in the solubilities of casein and co-precipitate near their isoelectric points upon phosphorylation. Solubilities of these phosphorylated milk proteins were pH dependent in 0.1 m NaCl but there was a decrease in their solubilities with increase in calcium ion concentration. This alteration could be due to the shifting of isoionic points of phosphorylated buffalo milk proteins towards acidic pH.     

基于电子鼻系统的番茄苗不同种类损伤的区分效果研究

通过对早疫病病害番茄苗、灰霉病病害番茄苗、机械损伤番茄苗和对照番茄苗的电子鼻响应信号的对比,可以看出不同处理的番茄苗样本电子鼻的响应信号是不同的,表明用电子鼻响应信号对番茄苗不同种类损伤进行预测是可行的.从PCA结果来看,早疫病病害的番茄苗和灰霉病病害的番茄苗能很好区分开,机械损伤的番茄苗和正常处理的番茄苗产生了重叠现...     

Synthesis and swelling properties of poly[acrylamide-co-(crotonic acid)] superabsorbents

Superabsorbent polymers of acrylamide (AAm)/crotonic acid (CA) were synthesized by foamed polymerization in an aqueous solution of AAm with CA as a comonomer, initiated by an initiator couple of ammonium persulfate and N,N,N′N′-tetramethylethylenediamine. A crosslinking agent N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide, a foaming agent sodium bicarbonate, and a foam stabilizer, a triblock copolymer of polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene, were used in the polymerization. The influences of the relative contents of CA, crosslinking agent, and initiator, on the swelling properties of the superabsorbent polymer systems were examined. The superabsorbent polymer synthesized with an AAm/CA ratio of 98:2 by mole, 0.5 wt.% of N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide and 1 wt.% of ammonium persulfate at 250 rpm and 50 °C for 30 min of polymerization time produced the highest water absorption of 211 ± 9 times its dried weight and could absorb water up to 162 ± 4 g g⁻¹ of the dry copolymer within 10 min. The electrochemical reaction for acrylamide–crotonic acid polymerization was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The anodic current indicated that acrylamide acting as an electron donor whereas crotonic acid performed as an electron receiver, then providing the cathodic current. The diffusion of water into the superabsorbent polymer was non-Fickian (case II and anomalous). Acrylamide–crotonic acid superabsorbents containing various crosslinker concentrations had a water swelling in the range of 79–289 g g⁻¹. The diffusion coefficients varied between 6.9 × 10⁻⁹ and 5.1 × 10⁻⁸ cm² s⁻¹. Adsorption of the basic dye by the superabsorbent was a monolayer evaluated by the Langmuir isotherm. The superabsorbents can thus be used to adsorb cationic dyes in textile industry.     

Vapour phase hydrogenation of phenol over Pd/C catalysts: A relationship between dispersion,metal area and hydrogenation activity

A series of palladium supported on activated carbon catalysts, with Pd varying from 0.5 to 6.0 wt%, were prepared via wet impregnation method using PdCl₂ · xH₂O as a precursor salt. The dried samples were further reduced at 573 K in hydrogen and characterized by CO adsorption at room temperature in order to determine the dispersion, metal area and particle size. The catalysts were tested for vapour phase phenol hydrogenation in a fixed-bed all glass micro-reactor at a reaction temperature of 453 K under normal atmospheric pressure. The decrease in metal surface area as well as dispersion with corresponding increase in turn-over frequency (TOF) against palladium loadings suggest the unusual inverse relationship that exist between Pd dispersion and phenol hydrogenation activity over Pd/carbon catalysts. The stability of TOF at larger crystallite size indicates that phenol hydrogenation is less sensitive reaction especially beyond 3 wt% of Pd content. It is evident from the results that structural properties of the catalysts strongly influence the availability of Pd atoms on the surface for CO chemisorption and hence for phenol hydrogenation. A comparison between selectivity and product yield of the reaction against overall phenol conversion indicates that changes in reaction selectivity for cyclohexanone or cyclohexanol is independent of phenol conversion level and either of the product is not formed at the cost of another. The stability of the catalysts with reaction time suggests that coke formation on the surface of the catalyst is less significant and the formation of cyclohexanone remains almost total even at higher reaction temperatures.     

Image mosaicking for polyhedral scene and in particular singly visible surfaces

Image mosaic construction is about stitching together a number of images about the same scene to construct a single image with a larger field of view. The majority of the previous work was rooted at the use of a single image-to-image mapping termed planar homography for representing the imaged scene. However, the mapping is applicable only to cases where the imaged scene is either a single planar surface, or very distant from the cameras, or imaged under a pure rotation of the camera, and that greatly limits the range of applications of the mosaicking methods. This paper presents a novel mosaicking solution for scenes that are polyhedral (thus consisting of multiple surfaces) and that are pictured possibly in closed range of the camera. The solution has two major advantages. First, it requires only a few correspondences over the entire scene, not correspondences over every surface patch in it to work. Second, it conquers a seemingly impossible task—warping image data of surfaces that are visible in only one of the input images, which we refer to as the singly visible surfaces, to another viewpoint to constitute the mosaic there. We also provide a detail analysis of what determines whether a singly visible surface could be mosaicked or not. Experimental results on real image data are presented to illustrate the performance of the method.     

微型化DNS法测定多糖水解液中还原糖的质量浓度

传统DNS比色法适用于常规还原糖含量的检测,但难以检测微量的样品以及快速检测大批量样品,故对传统DNS法进行改进,建立微型化DNS法测定多糖水解液中还原糖含量的方法.以DNS为显色剂,采用酶联免疫测定仪微盘比色测定多糖水解液中的还原糖含量,考察该方法的重复性和精确性,并与传统DNS法进行比较,结果表明:微型DNS法标准曲线线性良好,并且有良好的重复性和精密度,与传统DNS法相比,对样品的测定结果进行t检验,P=0.118 1(＞0.05)表明两种方法检测到结果相一致.微型化DNS法在保证检测精确性的前提下有效减少了样品检测损耗量和提高了检测效率,有望扩大DNS比色法至微量化及批量化样品的还原糖含量检测领域.     

低能N+离子注入诱变选育琼胶酶高产菌株

对产琼胶酶的类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.)菌株WL进行N+离子注入诱变,寄以筛选获得高活力琼胶酶产生菌株.首先考察了N+离子注入剂量对类芽孢杆菌WL存活率的影响,在注入能量为10 keV的条件下,类芽孢杆菌WL菌株最佳剂量范围为15.6×1014～23.4×1014 ion/cm2.在23.4 × 1014 ion/cm2诱变剂量下,筛选得到1株高产琼胶酶的菌株WL-15,酶活力达到47.3 U/mL,较出发菌株提高53.6％,该菌株经5次传代培养,产酶活力稳定.之后优化了产酶培养基中的主要成分,在琼胶、NaNO3和NaCl的质量浓度分别为2.5 g/L,6.0 g/L,15.0 g/L时,类芽孢杆菌WL-15产酶活力达到了53.3 U/mL.     

分子印迹技术应用于测定乐果残留量的新方法

应用分子印迹技术建立了乐果残留量的快速定量分析方法.以乐果为模板分子,采用本体聚合法按不同配比制备了乐果分子印迹聚合物,以平衡吸附实验考察其对乐果的特异性吸附能力.结果表明,当n(乐果)∶n(丙烯酰胺)=1∶4时,分子印迹聚合物对乐果的吸附效果最佳.采用分子印迹聚合物对乐果进行固相萃取,并对分子印迹固相萃取中样品溶剂、洗脱溶剂进行了优化选择.结果表明,当THF(5%乙酸)作为洗脱剂时,洗脱效果最好,洗脱率为98%.以钙黄绿素-Pd2+为荧光探针,采用荧光分光光度法对乐果进行测定.乐果的质量浓度在0.05～0.25mg/L范围内与荧光强度有良好的线性关系(R2=0.998 1).以茶叶样品为基体,用标准加入法作回收试验,测得回收率为92%～105%.     

Silver nanoparticles embedded in modified polyallylamine resin as efficient catalysts for alkyne–azide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition in water

A silver nanoparticle composite based on modified polyallylamine has been synthesized by a simple chemical route and its catalytic activity has been tested for alkyne–azide cycloaddition reaction. This silver nanocomposite shows an excellent catalytic activity at 80 °C for the synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole by alkyne–azide cycloaddition. The solid silver nanocomposite catalyst was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry and thermogravimetric analysis. The developed catalyst is stable in air, easy to prepare and can be recovered easily and reused ten times without a significant decrease in activity.