Changes in flavour characteristics and bacterial diversity during the traditional fermentation of Chinese rice wines from Shaoxing region

As a traditional alcoholic beverage, Chinese rice wine is quite popular for its unique flavor and high nutritional value. In this study, we investigated the changes of flavor compounds in varying stages of fermentation by HS-SPME-GC-MS and HPLC. In addition, 16s rDNA-PCR was utilized to analyze the changes of bacterial communities during fermentation of Chinese rice wine from the Shaoxing region. It was noted that the content of flavor compounds including esters, higher alcohols, amino acids and organic acids was different in varying stages of fermentation. In general, the flavor compounds of Chinese rice wine were mainly produced after pre-fermentation. The results also showed that the bacterial community structures and diversity of Chinese rice wine varied significantly during different fermentation stages, and more than 10 genera of bacteria was detected in Chinese rice wine fermentation broth. Among these specific bacteria identified in the study, Lactobacillus (the predominant genus) and Bacillus might take an active part in flavor development in Chinese rice wine. This implied that these bacteria might play significant contributions on the flavor of Chinese rice wine.     

强碱催化亚油酸共轭反应动力学研究

在假设反应一步完成,且为不可逆恒容反应的基础上,建立了强碱催化亚油酸共轭反应的幂函数动力学模型,同时,经理论推导得到了机理模型。并通过实验拟合确定了2个模型的参数。结果表明:反应物的初始浓度、催化剂浓度、温度对反应速率都有重要影响,第1步为速率控制步骤。幂函数模型适用于催化剂浓度、温度等条件变化较大,且对预测结果要求不高的过程。而对于那些催化剂浓度、温度等条件恒定不变的过程,机理模型能提供准确的结果预测。     

动物血液蛋白质及活性肽开发研究进展

动物血液作为畜禽屠宰及加工的主要副产物,富含蛋白质、微量元素、矿物质、激素、维生素、酶类等多种功能成分,营养价值较高。其中,蛋白质作为动物血液的主要营养成分,占动物全血含量的10%～20%,其氨基酸组成丰富,富含赖氨酸,是一种优质的动物蛋白资源,素有“液态肉”之称,具有广阔的开发应用前景。本文主要综述动物血液蛋白质的研究进展及开发应用现状,重点总结了近年来以动物血液蛋白为原料开发的具有特定生理功能的生物活性肽,如抗氧化肽、抗菌肽、免疫调节肽、抗癌肽、降血压肽、抗糖尿病肽等,对活性肽的结构、序列及活性功能进行系统阐述,并对动物血液蛋白实际应用中出现的问题以及未来发展趋势进行展望,旨在为动物血液蛋白的高附加值开发利用提供参考。     

肉桂醛抑菌作用的研究进展

肉桂醛是肉桂精油的主要成分,常被用作食用香料,同时具有良好的抑菌活性。综述肉桂醛对细菌和真菌的抑制作用,分析其作用机理,并对肉桂醛衍生物和肉桂醛微乳抑菌的前景进行了展望。     

采后涂膜处理对山竹果壳细胞代谢物和果肉品质的影响

以山竹果为材料,研究了采后涂膜处理常温贮藏(1%壳聚糖和1%海藻酸钠)对山竹果壳细胞代谢物及果肉品质的影响。结果表明:采后涂膜处理常温贮藏中山竹果壳中超氧阴离子、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢的含量随着贮藏时间呈上升趋势,贮藏15d时,常温、1%壳聚糖、1%海藻酸钠涂膜处理的丙二醛含量比初期分别增加了94.4%、67.0%和38.9%。果壳代谢物可溶性糖和总酚含量均先上升后下降,2种涂膜处理均能有效延缓果壳细胞代谢物的增加。其中1%壳聚糖涂膜处理能够显著延缓果肉VC和总糖含量的下降,减慢营养物质的消耗,抑制果实的腐烂。     

青梅酵素的生物活性及体外抑菌作用

对青梅酵素的抗氧化活性、酶活力以及抑菌作用进行了研究。结果表明,青梅酵素的抗氧化活性和酶活力较强。体积浓度为0.25%时,总抗氧化性与100 μg/mL V_C的抗氧化性相当;体积浓度为45%时,·OH清除率为83.2%;体积浓度为8%时,对DPPH·清除率达到96.5%;体积浓度为15%的青梅酵素还原力相当于浓度为100 μg/mL的V_C溶液。体积浓度为30%时,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力最高,为75.64 U/mL;浓度为15%时,蛋白酶活力为15.84 U/mL;脂肪酶活力较低,为1.67 U/mL。青梅酵素原液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制作用较强,抑菌圈直径分别为(19.9±0.56)、(17.2±0.15)、(19.0±0.3)mm。     

姜花酸奶加工工艺的研究

以姜花和牛奶为主要原料,经发酵制成一种新型固体酸奶。通过采用正交试验方法和感官评定,确定该产品的最佳生产配方:姜花汁3%,奶粉添加量13%,白砂糖添加量6%,菌种添加量7%,发酵温度42℃,发酵时间4.5h。     

鸡的品种和蒸煮次数对白切鸡卤水的营养成分和风味影响研究

为了使白切鸡卤水标准化,推进其高值化利用,本文以黄油鸡和土二鸡为制作白切鸡的原料,研究了两种原料鸡在不同蒸煮次数（2、4、6、8次）下产生的卤水中营养成分的变化。此外,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法,测定了两种原料鸡在不同蒸煮次数卤水中的风味物质。结果表明:随着蒸煮次数的增加,白切鸡卤水中的蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物等营养成分均显著增加（P<0.05）。在蒸煮第2、4、6、8次的卤水中检测出醛类、醇类、酮类三类主要挥发性风味物质,其中黄油鸡卤水挥发性物质有52种,土二鸡有41种;醛类物质是鸡汤的主要物质,黄油鸡有31种,土二鸡有24种。综合分析,土二鸡卤水比黄油鸡卤水的利用价值高,与理化测定和风味测定结果相吻合。本文的研究结果可为白切鸡加工原料的选择提供一定的参考,同时,对白切鸡卤水的标准化生产提供数据支撑。     

Profiles and concentrations of heterocyclic aromatic amines formed in beef during various heat treatments depend on the time of ripening and muscle type

Heterocyclic Aromatic Amine (HAA) profiles and concentrations depended on several factors. The largest changes in the HAA profile were observed in meat ripened (chill stored) for 5–10 days. Amines whos concentration varied most prominently included: Phe-P 1, harmane, AαC, IQ, IQx, PhIP, MeAαC, and MeIQx. HAA concentrations were strongly correlated with concentrations of the above compounds. Time of storage significantly affected the HAA profile and concentration. The profile changed dynamically for storage times up to 10 days. For longer times the profile stabilized, only the HAA content increased.A novel, highly precise and accurate HAA analytical method was developed for this study. Results may help to optimize meat processing technology from the point of view of reducing concentration of HAA formed during heat treatment, including the most carcinogenic; IQ, IQx, MeIQx and PhIP amines.     

板栗加工副产物抑菌作用的研究进展

板栗加工过程易产生诸如板栗壳、板栗花、板栗总苞、板栗 次果及次品等副产物,大量资源常被当作废弃物丢弃,未得到有效利用, 开发的产品较少,造成资源浪费。近年来,有关板栗加工副产物的研究得 到关注,板栗中存在的多种天然活性成分相继被报道,其中具有抑菌作用 的成分占比较高。因此,该研究综述了板栗加工副产物含有的抑菌成分 及其作用机理,以期为板栗加工副产物在抑菌材料方面的应用提供一定 的参考。