Protein hydrolysates from animal processing by-products as a source of bioactive molecules with interest in animal feeding: A review

Industrial processing of livestock, poultry and fish produces a large amount of waste in a solid or liquid form that can either be destroyed or be used to make compost, biogas or other low-added value products. However, the by-products from animal processing industries have a potential for conversion into useful products of higher value, such as protein hydrolysates, with interesting applications in animal feed. Low amounts of animal protein hydrolysates included in aqua-feeds may enhance growth rate and feed conversion of farmed fish and crustacean. Animal protein hydrolysates may also be incorporated in diets to enhance the nonspecific immunity of fish. As well, these hydrolysates can be used as a good source of amino acids for newly weaned animals. Protein hydrolysates from animal by-products including antimicrobials, antioxidants, opioid-like and/or other interesting bioactive molecules have promising and interesting applications on companion and production animals. By-products from animal processing industries are therefore a promising source of bioactive peptides of considerable interest for animal care, always within the framework of the existing legislation. Possible drawbacks and future trends of the use of animal by-products and/or production of protein hydrolysates from those materials are also discussed.     

Factors affecting the acid gelation of sodium caseinate

Acid gelation, turbidity and particle size development of dispersions of sodium caseinate and other protein fractions were studied. Sodium caseinate dispersions became particulate prior to the onset of gelation. Casein particles had enhanced stability to gelation in the presence of sodium chloride. Removal of the hydrophilic part of the κ-casein molecule through renneting and acidification of the soluble sodium para-caseinate resulted in increased gelation pH. Removal of most of the κ-casein through ethanol fractionation of sodium caseinate resulted in an α_s1-β-fraction, which was markedly destabilised at higher pH values during acidification in the presence of sodium chloride. Preheated β-lactoglobulin/sodium caseinate dispersions had similar acid gelation profiles in the presence of sodium chloride with or without N-ethylmaleimide, suggesting that secondary thiol-disulphide interchange reactions between κ-casein and pre-heated β-lactoglobulin aggregates did not effect the gel point and final storage modulus in the short time-frame (120 min) of acidification. It was found that κ-casein and sodium chloride played a significant role in both particle development and subsequent stability of sodium caseinate dispersions on acidification.     

PBSVM: Partitioning and biased support vector machine for vocal fold pathology assessment using labeled and unlabeled data sets

Most of the existing classification methods, used for voice pathology assessment, are built based on labeled pathological and normal voice signals. This paper studies the problem of building a classifier using labeled and unlabeled data. We propose a novel learning technique, called Partitioning and Biased Support Vector Machine Classification (PBSVM), which tries to utilize all the available data in two steps: (1) a new heuristically partition-based algorithm, which extracts high quality pathological and normal samples from an unlabeled set, and (2) a more principle approach based on biased formulation of support vector machine, which is fairly robust to mislabeling and unbalance data problem. Experiments with wavelet-based energy features extracted from sustained vowels show that the new recognition scheme is highly feasible and significantly outperform the baseline classical SVM classifier, especially in the situation where the labeled training data is small.     

Pulse-modulation eddy current probes for imaging of external corrosion in nonmagnetic pipes

Since the nonmagnetic pipe is normally utilized in corrosive and hostile environment, it is prone to the external corrosion which occurs on the outer surface of the pipe and severely undermines the structural integrity and safety. Although Pulsed Eddy Current technique (PEC) is currently preferred for detection and evaluation of subsurface defects in tubular conductors, it is subject to technical drawbacks. In light of this, Pulse-modulation Eddy Current technique (PMEC) is intensively investigated in the paper for enhancement of the evaluation sensitivity to external corrosion and accuracy of corrosion imaging. Closed-form expressions of the PMEC response and its sensitivity to external corrosion in tubular conductors are formulated via the Extended Truncated Region Eigenfunction Expansion (ETREE) modeling. Following simulations for analysis and comparison of field signals and evaluation sensitivities of PMEC and PEC, experiments of PMEC for evaluation and imaging of external corrosion are carried out. Through theoretical and experimental investigation, it has been found that regarding the evaluation and imaging of external corrosion in nonmagnetic pipes, the PMEC-based probe have higher sensitivity and imaging accuracy than that based on PEC. The superiority of PMEC to PEC in inspection of tubular conductors is further identified.     

Continuous in-line decontamination of food-processing surfaces using cold atmospheric pressure air plasma

This study assessed a continuous in-line decontamination system for food contact surfaces and processing equipment that utilized cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAP) generated from ambient air. The plasma system was evaluated against two common foodborne pathogens (Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes) on stainless steel surfaces and against S Typhimurium on commercial poly[ether]-thermoplastic poly[urethane] (PE-TPU) conveyor belts, under simulated conditions of a food-processing facility. A significant level of microbial inactivation was achieved, up to 3.03 ± 0.18 and 2.77 ± 0.71 logCFU/mL reductions of L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium respectively within 10 s total treatment on stainless steel surfaces, and a 2.56 ± 0.37 logCFU/mL reduction of S. Typhimurium within 4 s total treatment on the PE-TPU material, according to a procedure based on the well-established EN 13697:2015 industrial protocol. CAP exposure was shown to have a minor impact on the morphology and composition of the treated surfaces. The results indicated that CAP can be applied for effective and continuous disinfection against common foodborne pathogens in food-processing facilities.Industrial relevanceLow temperature plasmas have shown great promise for microbial decontamination, yet industrial uptake of the technology has been limited due to scaling limitations. In this study, a prototype conveyor-based CAP decontamination system was developed and tested under realistic conditions expected within a food-processing facility. The results showed a high level of antimicrobial action against two common foodborne pathogens within a few seconds of CAP exposure, a timescale in line with industrial line processing speeds. Our findings demonstrated that CAP shows great promise for the continuous in-situ decontamination of food contact surfaces, with the potential to mitigate against the costly downtimes incurred in current production line practices implementing chemical disinfectants.     

响应面优化草石蚕多糖提取工艺研究

以草石蚕为原料，研究了草石蚕中多糖提取的工艺条件。在单因素试验基础上，通过响应面试验优化了草石蚕中多糖提取的工艺条件。结果表明，草石蚕中多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为：提取温度79．00℃，提取时间2．82h，乙醇体积浓度81．22％，料液比1g：18．49mL，此条件下草石蚕多糖提取率4．89％。     

柠檬草奶茶和薄荷奶茶制作工艺研究

以原味手工奶茶的制作工艺为基本,对柠檬草奶茶、薄荷奶茶的制作工艺进行了研究。采用正交试验得到了柠檬草奶茶、薄荷奶茶的最佳制备工艺条件:柠檬草浸提液料液比为3∶100,浸提液浸提时间为5 min,柠檬草浸提液与原味奶茶的比例为1∶1;薄荷浸提液料液比为8∶1000,浸提液浸提时间为3 min,薄荷与原味奶茶的混合茶汁比为2∶7。在此条件下所制得的成品口感清新独特,外观稳定。     

^60Coγ辐照水稻秸秆制备阳离子吸附剂的研究

采用辐照法将二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵接枝共聚于预处理的水稻秸秆,考察了产物对于阴离子染料和COD的吸附性能,结果表明接枝后秸秆有吸附阴离子的效果.研究了溶液pH值、吸附时间和温度对吸附过程的影响,吸附剂对于阴离子染料与COD的最大吸附量分别为335 mg/g和73 mg/g.