NAPUS 2000. Rapeseed (Brassica napus) breeding for improved human nutrition

Following a competition announcement of the Federal Ministry of Research and Education (BMBF) a project dealing with the improvement of the nutritional value of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) for human food applications was worked out and started in autumn 1999. Seventeen partners from different working areas are carrying out a complex project reaching from the discovery, characterisation, isolation and transfer of genes of interest up to breeding of well performing varieties combined with important agronomic traits. Economic studies and processing trials as well as nutritional investigations of the new qualities are carried out. B. napus seed quality aspects with respect to seed coat colour, oil composition, lecithin and protein fractions and antioxidants like tocopherols and resveratrol will be improved. The first results indicate that it is possible to select suitable plant material with certain seed compositions for an efficient implementation of genetic transformation.     

Characterization of porcine SKIP gene in skeletal muscle development: Polymorphisms,association analysis,expression and regulation of cell growth in C2C12 cells

Skeletal muscle and kidney-enriched inositol phosphatase (SKIP) was identified as a 5′-inositol phosphatase that hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3) to PI(3,4)P2 and negatively regulates insulin-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling in skeletal muscle. In this study, two new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in porcine SKIP introns 1 and 6 were detected. The C1092T locus in intron 1 showed significant associations with some meat traits, whereas the A17G locus in intron 6 showed significant associations with some carcass traits. Expression analysis showed that porcine SKIP is upregulated at d 65 of gestation and Meishan fetuses have higher and prolonged expression of SKIP compared to Large White at d 100 of gestation. Ectopic expression of porcine SKIP decreased insulin-induced cell proliferation and promoted serum starvation-induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase in C2C12. Our results suggest that SKIP plays a negative regulatory role in skeletal muscle development partly by preventing cell proliferation.     

响应面法优化微波预处理文冠果冷榨工艺的研究

以文冠果种仁为原料,采用不同条件进行微波预处理,然后加入文冠果种壳进行压榨制油,探讨微波预处理对文冠果出油率和油脂品质的影响。在单因素实验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken响应面分析法优化微波预处理文冠果冷榨工艺条件。结果表明:微波预处理冷榨文冠果油的最佳工艺条件为原料水分8.3%、仁壳比9∶1、微波时间5.4 min、微波功率960 W,在此工艺条件下文冠果出油率为56.79%,比直接冷榨文冠果的出油率(46.37%)提高10.42个百分点。微波预处理使文冠果油酸价和过氧化值略微提高,但对其脂肪酸组成和含量几乎没有影响。     

基于微波预处理压榨文冠果油储藏期间的品质研究

利用Schaal烘箱法,研究测定了由微波预处理种仁冷榨制取的文冠果油储藏期间酸价、过氧化值、p-茴香胺值、生育酚含量、脂肪酸组成及含量的变化,评价了微波预处理对油脂氧化稳定性的影响,并对文冠果油理化指标进行了相关性分析。结果表明:文冠果油在储藏期间,过氧化值和K_(232)在前期快速增高,中期趋于平缓,后期又快速增长;酸价、p-茴香胺值及K_(270)则持续增长;生育酚含量与氧化诱导时间在前、后期快速降低,中期降低较缓慢;不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值降低;相关性分析表明文冠果油在储藏期间的氧化稳定性与生育酚含量及过氧化值、酸价、p-茴香胺值、K_(232)、K_(270)密切相关。此外,适当的微波预处理有助于增强文冠果油的氧化稳定性。     

收割方式与微波预处理对压榨菜籽油品质的影响

采用一次与分段两种收割方式收集油菜籽,在2450 MHz、800 W的微波条件下处理7 min,冷却至室温后低温压榨制油,分析并比较了不同收割方式与预处理方式下菜籽油品质的变化。结果表明,不同收割方式下的菜籽油部分脂肪酸组成、酸价、过氧化值存在显著差异(P<0.05)。与分段收割原料油相比,一次收割原料菜籽油的植物甾醇和维生素E分别高出16.31%和6.56%;总酚降低了36.90%,1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除能力、铁离子还原抗氧化剂能力(FRAP)减少了近50%,最终表现为氧化诱导期(IP)缩短了0.55 h。与对照组相比,微波预处理组维生素E和植物甾醇增加了18.76~19.90和378.25~548.81 mg/kg,Canolol和总酚含量分别增加了595.16~835.77 μg/g和119.24~130.29 mg/100 g,DPPH自由基清除活力、FRAP总抗氧化能力、IP值则提高了20.72~33.13倍、22.98~31.62倍、2.11~2.43倍。微波预处理能有效提高菜籽油中微量成分含量,赋予其更好的氧化稳定性和更高的营养价值。     

3种坚果油的挥发性成分提取及关键风味成分分析

对比了溶剂辅助蒸发萃取(SAFE)和顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)对3种坚果油(花生油、核桃油、巴旦木油)挥发性风味成分的提取效果,并通过芳香提取物稀释分析确定关键风味成分。结果表明:采用HS-SPME可以从3种坚果油中分别分离并检出21、26和25种挥发性成分;采用SAFE可以分别分离并检出27、40和40种挥发性成分。根据香气稀释因子,花生油的关键风味成分包括苯甲醛、2-苯乙醛、2-甲基吡嗪、2,5-二甲基吡嗪、2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪、3-乙基-2,5-二甲基吡嗪、2-乙基吡嗪和2-戊基呋喃,核桃油的关键风味成分包括反,反-2,4-庚二烯醛、苯甲醛、癸酸、辛酸、壬酸、2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪和2-戊基呋喃,巴旦木油的关键风味成分以壬醛、己酸、辛酸和4-烯丙基苯甲醚为主。     

Composition,processing, and quality control of whole flaxseed products used to fortify foods

Whole flaxseed (flour) as a good source of omega-3 fatty acid and phytochemicals with excellent nutritional and functional attributes has been used to enrich foods for health promotion and disease prevention. However, several limitations and contemporary challenges still impact the development of whole flaxseed (flour)-enriched products on the global market, such as naturally occurring antinutritional factors and entrapment of nutrients within food matrix. Whole flaxseed (flour) with different existing forms could variably alter the techno-functional performance of food matrix, and ultimately affect the edible qualities of fortified food products. The potential interaction mechanism between the subject and object components in fortified products has not been elucidated yet. Hence, in this paper, the physical structure and component changes of flaxseed (flour) by pretreatments coupled with their potential influences on the edible qualities of multiple fortified food products were summarized and analyzed. In addition, several typical food products, including baked, noodle, and dairy products were preferentially selected to investigate the potential influencing mechanisms of flaxseed (flour) on different substrate components. In particular, the altered balance between water absorption of flaxseed protein/gum polysaccharides and the interruption of gluten network, lipid lubrication, lipid–amylose complexes, syneresis, and so forth, were thoroughly elucidated. The overall impact of incorporating whole flaxseed (flour) on the quality and nutritional attributes of fortified food products, coupled with the possible solutions against negative influences are aimed. This paper could provide useful information for expanding the application of whole flaxseed (flour) based on the optimal edible and nutritional properties of fortified food products.     

基于脂质组学揭示饲喂裂殖藻粉对山羊乳脂质的影响

基于气相色谱法和超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱法探究饲喂裂殖藻粉（Schizochytrium spp.）对山羊乳脂肪酸组成及全脂质组成的影响，并与市售纯牛乳和二十二碳六烯酸（docosahexaenoic acid,DHA）牛乳进行差异性分析。结果表明，山羊乳脂肪含量显著高于牛乳，肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸和油酸是乳中主要的脂肪酸组成。饲喂裂殖藻粉能显著增加山羊乳中DHA含量。甘油三酯是2种乳中主要的脂质成分，山羊乳中磷脂含量显著高于牛乳。DHA在乳品脂质中主要以甘油酯型DHA形式存在，山羊乳较牛乳含更丰富的磷脂型DHA。裂殖藻粉添加量50 g/d为山羊乳中DHA富集的最佳添加量。通过在日粮中添加DHA原料，能够进一步提高山羊乳的营养价值，解决目前膳食DHA来源单一的问题。本研究为婴幼儿配方奶粉及富DHA功能性乳脂产品的开发和营养调控提供有力的理论依据和参考，并为乳制品类型的鉴定提供方法与数据基础。