4种烹饪方式对草鱼肉中孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其代谢物消减的影响

目的探讨煮、蒸、炸和微波等4种烹饪方式对草鱼肉中孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其代谢物消减的影响。方法在空白草鱼肉中添加孔雀石绿、隐色孔雀石绿、结晶紫和隐色结晶紫后,分别用4种方式烹饪,采用高效液相色谱串联质谱测定药物的含量。结果结果表明:经过炸、微波、煮和蒸等烹饪方法处理后,鱼肉中的药物浓度分别降低了79.8%～93.7%、69.4%～91.2%、72.0%～86.2%和69.6%～77.8%。相同的烹饪方式,原药的消减速度均高于代谢物,药物的消减速率顺序为:炸微波煮蒸。结论高温加热能促进孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其代谢产物的消减。     

Effect of low-temperature preservation on quality changes in Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei: a review

Shrimp has been widely accepted as an excellent resource for white meat due to its high-protein and low-fat content, especially low cholesterol. However, shrimps are highly perishable during preservation and retailing procedures due to the activities of enzymatic proteolysis, lipid oxidation, and microbial degradation. With increasing knowledge of and demands for safety, nutrition, and freshness of shrimp products, energy efficient, quality, maintained, and sustainable preservation technologies are needed. Low-temperature preservation, a practical processing method for improving the shelf life of food products, is widely used in the aquatic industry. This review focuses on the effects of low-temperature preservation on the quality changes in Litopenaeus vannamei. It considers physicochemical properties, sensory evaluation, melanosis assessment, and microbiological analysis. The perspectives of non-protein-based techniques on quality analysis of shrimps during preservation are also discussed. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

季节变化对杂交鲟鱼肉营养成分的影响

采集春、夏、秋、冬四个季节的杂交鲟鱼(Huso dauricus ♀ × Acipenser schrenckii ♂) 样品,分析比较肌肉基本营养成分、氨基酸组成、脂肪酸组成、矿物元素组成的差异。结果表明:鲟鱼肉脂肪含量季节变化特点明显,以秋季鲟鱼肉脂肪含量为最高（P<0.05）,而后依次为冬季、春季、夏季的鲟鱼肉;蛋白质含量以冬季鲟鱼肉最高,春季、夏季、秋季鲟鱼肉依次下降;春季鲟鱼肉必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸及总氨基酸含量最高,但秋季鲟鱼肉必需氨基酸占总氨基酸比例最高,冬季鲟鱼肉鲜味氨基酸占总氨基酸比例最高;夏季、秋季鲟鱼肉多不饱和脂肪酸及二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸含量显著高于冬季、春季（P < 0.05）,脂肪酸不饱和度受季节影响差异并不显著（P>0.05）;矿物元素含量在春、夏两季鲟鱼肉中较高。季节对鲟鱼肉的营养组成影响明显,分析不同季节杂交鲟鱼肉的营养组成,可为后续开发加工提供理论依据,在加工中可根据需要选择适宜季节的养殖鲟鱼。     

鸢乌贼加工与质量安全控制技术研究进展

鸢乌贼具有分布广泛、繁殖速度快、蛋白质及氨基酸含量丰富等特点,已逐渐成为目前研究的热点。但由于鸢乌贼原料肉存在质地较硬、酸味过重、内源性甲醛含量偏高等问题,限制了这一大宗海鲜捕捞原料的开发利用。本文在综述鸢乌贼营养成分与加工利用的基础上,系统分析鸢乌贼肌肉嫩化、脱酸方式、内源性甲醛的来源及脱除方面的研究进展,旨在为鸢乌贼这一大宗海洋生物原料的高值化精深加工利用提供参考。     

Beneficial effects of three brown seaweed polysaccharides on gut microbiota and their structural characteristics: An overview

The gut microbiota appears critical in the metabolic health and anti-disease activity. In this review, we discuss three brown seaweed polysaccharides (alginate, laminarin, fucoidan) for their structural information, the digestive behaviour and the effects on gut microbiota. Bioactivities are associated with various physicochemical properties, like solubility, viscosity, hydration properties, molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and so on. Brown seaweed polysaccharides can be completely utilised by microbes in the large bowel, and they can regulate the gut microbiota. The ultimate metabolite of these polysaccharides is mainly short-chain fatty acids, which are able to regulate the ecology of the gut microbiota by increasing the growth of beneficial bacteria and inhibiting the growth of some harmful bacteria. In addition, this article also discusses the relationship between the structure and activity of modulating the gut microbiota. Results show that polysaccharides with low molecular weight are more conductive to modulate gut microbiota.     

Technological properties of Lactobacillus plantarum strains isolated from Chinese traditional low salt fermented whole fish

A total of 21 Lactobacillus plantarum were isolated from a Chinese traditional low salt fermented whole fish product “Suan yu” and identified by biochemical and molecular methods. The isolates were screened for acidifying and amino-biogenic ability for proteolysis, lipolysis, antimicrobial activity, and sensory in order to select the most suitable candidates as the starter cultures. All the strains had high acidifying activities and were able to reduce the pH to lower than 4.5 in 36, 24 and 16 h at 15, 25 and 37 °C respectively. Major strains showed antimicrobial activities against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and ten L. plantarum strains could produce bacteriocins. Five L. plantarum strains exhibited weak proteolytic activities against myofibrillar proteins, as evidenced by the agar plate assay and sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). None of the strains showed lipolytic activity. Major L. plantarum strains displayed different enzymatic profiles. Besides, the isolates mostly showed negative-decarboxylase activities, but Lp-10 had a decarboxylase activity against l-tyrosine. Furthermore, the fermented fish surimi inoculated with Lp-15 and Lp-21 strains respectively scored high for overall acceptability. Therefore, Lp-15 and Lp-21 presented the best technological properties, which should be given first priority as the starter culture for manufacturing fermented fish products.     

Bacteriocin-producing Lactobacillus sakei C2 as starter culture in fermented sausages

Lactobacillus sakei C2, which could produce a bacteriocin with a broad inhibitory spectrum, have been proven to have certain probiotic potential. The practical application of L. sakei C2 as starter culture in the production of fermented sausage was investigated. During the sausage fermentation, L. sakei C2 established its prominent position in the microbial ecosystem, and, over 62.5% and 87.5% isolates were detected at each sampling point, when respectively inoculated with 5 and 7 log CFU/g. Moreover, L. sakei C2 as starter culture played an important role in the control of harmful microorganisms presented in the fermentation. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and nitrite content in the samples of fermented sausages decreased with the increase of the inoculation concentration of L. sakei C2. Inoculation with L. sakei C2 significantly increased the color values of L* (lightness), and a* (redness), and magnitude of absorbance, which indicated that L. sakei C2 might increase the amount of nitrosylmyoglobin (NO-Mb) in the fermented sausages. By the evaluation of the panel, flavor and overall acceptability of the fermented sausage processed with 7 log CFU/g of L. sakei C2 was significantly superior to those processed with lower inocula (5 log CFU/g) and the control. All these results indicted that L. sakei C2 had good potential to be used as starter culture in the production of fermented sausages.     

罗非鱼皮蛋白多肽-Fe2＋结合物的制备及性质分析

以罗非鱼皮为原料,采用5?种蛋白酶对其进行酶解,以罗非鱼皮酶解物多肽（tilapia skin protein peptides,TSPP）的Fe2＋结合率为指标,筛选出Fe2＋结合率最高的TSPP;探究结合时间、pH值、温度对结合率的影响以及TSPP结合Fe2＋前后其荧光、紫外、红外等光谱的变化;对TSPP的分子质量分布、氨基酸的组成及其抗氧化活性进行测定。结果表明,罗非鱼皮蛋白经胰蛋白酶水解2?h后得到的TSPP,其Fe2＋结合率最高;pH?5、温度37?℃、时间90?min为最佳结合条件;TSPP结合Fe2＋后,肽链发生折叠,其内源性荧光强度下降,紫外特征性吸收带出现红移,肽链中的氨基、羰基、羧基可能是Fe2＋的结合位点;TSPP中的Fe2＋结合活性肽,其分子质量大约在500～3?000?Da之间,且肽链富含Asp、Glu、Gly、Arg及Pro等氨基酸;各酶解物均具有一定的抗氧化能力,TSPP结合Fe2＋前后,其抗氧化能力无显著性变化;此外,虽然TSPP的抗氧化能力明显低于谷胱甘肽,但其Fe2＋结合活性明显高于谷胱甘肽。结果显示,TSPP具有良好的Fe2＋结合活性,有望发展为新型的铁元素膳食补充剂。     

Cooking evaluation of crayfish (Procambarus clarkia) subjected to microwave and conduction heating: A visualized strategy to understand the heat-induced quality changes of food

The evaluation of food cooking process is an important way to understand the heat-induced quality changes and optimize the heating process. To understand the quality changes in crayfish tail heated by microwave (MW) and boiling water (BW), the protein denaturation, cooking uniformity and overheating degree of tails were visually evaluated based on the theories of reaction kinetics and maturity value in this work. Protein denaturation analysis showed that heat-induced protein denaturation in crayfish tails heated by MW and BW followed first-order reaction kinetics and had similar one-dimensional denaturation patterns and temperatures, but their distributions were non-uniform and with reverse trends. Moreover, strong correlations between protein denaturation degree and heat-induced qualities changes were observed in crayfish tail during heating. The cooking uniformity and overheating degree of crayfish tail heated by MW and BW were evaluated by the maturity value (M_v) and overheating value (O_v), respectively. Evaluations showed that the profiles of M_v and O_v in the crayfish tail were non-uniform and with reverse trends, and there was lower ΔM_v and ${\overline{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{v}}$ for crayfish tail heated by MW than by BW, but higher O_v occurred in the centre, which corresponded to the texture of crayfish tails heated by MW was more susceptible than by BW when proteins had completely denatured.Industrial relevanceThe general patterns of cooking process in crayfish tail during microwave heating and boiling have been visually evaluated and compared based on the theories of reaction kinetics and maturity value, which enriched the knowledge for the application of microwave in the industrial thermal processing of crayfish and reaction kinetics in the analysis of cooking (especially microwave heating). Furthermore, the theory of maturity value was introduced into the evaluation of the cooking uniformity and overcooked degree in crayfish tail during the heating, which provided a new strategy for the cooking evaluation of food.