常用食品防腐剂以及酸性条件对乳酸菌的影响

乳酸菌是常见的益生菌和食源性酸败菌,为了研究它们对酸性条件、山梨酸钾、苯甲酸钠的耐受性,5株常见的乳酸菌被挑选出来,在不同pH值和防腐剂浓度下进行生长情况的监测和分析。结果表明,乳酸菌对于低pH值(3.0)和防腐剂(如苯甲酸钠浓度500×10-6)的耐受性均较强。     

RHEOLOGY OF CHOCOLATE

Abstract . This review covers mainly the rheology of chocolate above its melting point. The validity of the Casson relationship is discussed and two alternative equations are given. Different factors affecting viscosity are considered: fat content, lecithin or emulsifiers content, water content, conching time, particle size, temperature, degree of temper and vibration. Instrumental methods of viscosity measurement as well as the problem of thixotropy are also covered. Some information is given on the rheology of chocolate in the solid state.     

Foaming and Emulsifying Properties of Whey Protein Concentrates As Affected by Lipid Composition

Freeze-dried WPC, containing 35 and 75% protein were manufactured by pretreating whey with calcium chloride and heat. These and commercial WPC were subjected to proximate analysis and lipid classes, phospholipid classes, free fatty acids (FFA), and monoacylglycerols (MAG) composition were determined. Solubility, thermal, foaming, and emulsifying properties of the WPC were studied. Pretreatment increased calcium and phosphorus contents and decreased the contents of all other minerals. The pretreatment had no effect on solubility, denaturation enthalpy, and onset temperature of denaturation of WPC. These values were comparable to those of commercial WPC. Foaming capacity and emulsion stability were unaffected, but foam stability increased and emulsifying capacity decreased due to pretreatment. Overall, total lipids and lipid class contents of experimental WPC were too low to affect surface properties of WPC.     

婴幼儿配方乳粉中维生素A、E检测方法的比较研究

目的 以国家标准GB5009.82-2016第一法(GB方法)和AOAC 2012.10/ ISO20633:2015 (AOAC/ISO方法)为例,通过文本分析和实验数据比较反相液相色谱法(RF-HPLC)和正向液相色谱法(NP-HPLC)检测婴幼儿配方粉中维生素A和维生素E的差异,分析可能导致方法结果产生差异的原因,提出科学建议。方法 通过标准方法文本原理比对,分析两种方法的原理及技术步骤差异;通过质控样检测,分析两组结果的标准偏差、变异系数、95%重复性限、相对重复性限值、平均值、回收率等指标,比对两种方法的精密度和准确度差异;通过市售样品检测,分析两种方法检测结果的系统偏差和比例偏差,判别两种方法对婴幼儿配方乳粉的结果一致性。结果 从方法文本上看,AOAC/ISO方法较 GB方法的步骤更为简便,且标明了方法的适用浓度范围、重复性、重现性等关键指标,标注的检出限及定量限值也较GB方法更低;精密度方面,采用AOAC/ISO方法测得的重复性和重现性标准偏差、变异系数、95%重复性限、相对重复性限值结果,均低于GB方法测得的同类指标。准确度方面,AOAC/ISO方法和GB方法测定维生素AE时均表现出较好的回收率(100±5%);样品对比检测结果表明,维生素A两种方法的检测结果不存在系统偏差和比例偏差,结果一致;维生素E两种方法的结果既有系统偏差也有比例偏差,结果不一致。结论 AOAC/ISO 方法和GB方法原理及操作步骤存在明显不同,可能导致两种方法在测定维生素E含量时,结果呈现统计学显著差异。建议加强国内外检测标准的沟通协调,在检测目标物,样品称量方式,样品适用浓度范围等方面做进一步改进和完善。     

Expression Profiling of Circulating MicroRNAs in Canine Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that have shown promise as noninvasive biomarkers in cardiac disease. This study was undertaken to investigate the miRNA expression profile in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). 277 miRNAs were quantified using RT-qPCR from six normal dogs (American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Stage A), six dogs with MMVD mild to moderate cardiac enlargement (ACVIM Stage B1/B2) and six dogs with MMVD and congestive heart failure (ACVIM Stage C/D). Eleven miRNAs were differentially expressed (False Discovery Rate < 0.05). Dogs in Stage B1/B2 or C/D had four upregulated miRNAs, including three cfa-let-7/cfa-miR-98 family members, while seven others were downregulated, compared to Stage A. Expression of six of the 11 miRNAs also were significantly different between dogs in Stage C/D and those in Stage B1/B2. The expression changes were greater as disease severity increased. These miRNAs may be candidates for novel biomarkers and may provide insights into genetic regulatory pathways in canine MMVD.