壳聚糖/EGCG@MNPs纳米复合包装对低温和常温贮藏蓝莓保鲜效果的影响

本研究以壳聚糖作为薄膜基质,加入负载表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG）的黑色素（melanin）纳米颗粒（EGCG@MNPs）,制备了一种活性包装薄膜,用于延长采后蓝莓的贮藏期。首先,壳聚糖/EGCG@MNPs纳米复合膜采用流延法成功制备,装入新鲜蓝莓后形成独立热封包装袋,分别于4和25 ℃条件下贮藏。贮藏期间分析不同时期内蓝莓果实失重率、腐烂率、硬度、呼吸强度、微生物、表观品质等感官指标和理化指标,以探讨该纳米复合包装膜的保鲜效果。结果表明,壳聚糖/EGCG@MNPs纳米复合膜显著延缓了蓝莓果实贮藏期间的失重率、腐烂率和硬度的下降（P<0.05）,有效抑制了蓝莓的呼吸强度,减小了活性物质的消耗和果实表面的褐变程度。贮藏结束时,经过纳米复合包装处理的蓝莓仍保持了较高的花色苷含量,在4和25 ℃环境下保留率分别为90.1%和99.0%;DPPH自由基清除活性分别比对照组高了6.2%和6.3%,使蓝莓果实保持了较好的抗氧化能力,并显著抑制了多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase,PPO）的活性和微生物的生长（P<0.05）,有效改善了蓝莓的感官品质,延缓了蓝莓果实的衰老。综合各项结果得出,壳聚糖/EGCG@MNPs纳米复合包装结合低温的贮藏方法对采后蓝莓的保鲜效果最好。     

Applicability assessment of a real-time PCR assay for the specific detection of bovine,ovine and caprine material in feedstuffs

A TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed for specific detection of bovine, ovine and caprine processed animal protein (PAP) in industrial feedstuffs. The method uses species-specific primers and probes targeting short mitochondrial D-loop sequences, and a positive amplification control based on 18S rRNA gene. The applicability of the real-time PCR protocol was assessed through analysis of 126 industrial feed samples that were manufactured to reproduce rendering processes of commercial feeds destined for farmed animals. The assay successfully classified samples as positive or negative according to the ruminant composition, enabling qualitative detection of banned material in feeds at levels as low as 0.1%. Although the method provides quantitative potential, results suggest that the real quantitative capability of the assay is limited by the existing variability in terms of composition and processing treatments of the feeds, which affect the amount and quality of amplifiable DNA.     

Alumina supported copper nanoparticles for aziridination and cyclopropanation reactions

Alumina supported copper (Cu–Al₂O₃) nanoparticles were prepared and applied for the aziridination of olefins employing [N-(p-tolylsulfonyl)imino]phenyliodinane (PhI = NTs) as nitrene source to afford the corresponding 3-membered cyclic compounds in moderate to excellent yields. Cyclopropanation of several olefins was also carried out by using Cu–Al₂O₃ nanoparticles and ethyl diazoacetate as a carbene source. The catalyst was recovered by simple centrifugation and reused for four cycles.     

NaCl soaking treatment for improving the quality of french-fried potatoes

Potato strips were soaked in 3, 5 or 7% NaCl solutions (25 °C) previous to frying, to study the effect on oil uptake. Sensory responses indicated the best texture and lowest oil uptake at 3% NaCl solution for 50 min. Soaking had no effect (P<0.05) on color (L¹, a¹ and b¹) or moisture loss during deep fat frying at 180 °C. Soaking significantly reduced oil uptake from 0.13 to 0.10 g oil/g dry matter and increased the measured texture parameters (hardness to penetrate both crusts, and both work and initial rigidity). Sensory acceptability was not different (P<0.05) between the soaked product and a commercial sample.     

牛源性大肠杆菌O157:H7的分离鉴定及其耐酸性比较研究

为比较大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）O157:H7产毒菌株耐受盐酸和乳酸的差异性,首先采集309 份牛粪及牛肉样,进行菌株分离鉴定,接着采用多重聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）方法检测分离株及其他收集菌株的4 种毒力基因（eae、hly、stx1、stx2）,进而对携带毒力基因的产毒菌株分别进行盐酸和乳酸应激实验。结果表明：共分离鉴定出8 株大肠杆菌O157菌株,样品阳性检出率为2.59%;毒力基因检测表明,8 株菌株均不携带stx1和stx2基因,其中6 株菌株携带eae及hly基因;所有产毒菌株耐酸性实验结果表明,盐酸或乳酸处理2 h后20 株产毒菌株存活菌数均显著下降（P＜0.05）,但下降程度呈现明显的菌株差异性,同一菌株对盐酸、乳酸呈现明显的耐受差异。     

传统发酵霉豆渣菌种分离鉴定及其产酶能力分析

为实现豆渣的高值化利用,解决豆渣资源浪费以及霉豆渣规模化生产受限的问题。本研究以湖北咸宁传统发酵霉豆渣为材料进行微生物分离鉴定,共得到5种细菌和3种霉菌,分别命名为J1~J8。根据形态学观察、生理生化特征分析、16S rRNA及ITS测序结果,最终确定J1~J5分别为水生拉恩氏菌属B13菌株(Rahnella aquatilis strain B13)、戊糖片球菌属S1菌株(Pediococcus pentosaceus strain S1)、成团泛菌属NSD菌株(Pantoea agglomerans strain NSD)、肠膜明串珠菌属2020GS202菌株(Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain 2020GS202)和枯草芽孢杆菌属A10菌株(Bacillus subtilis strain A10),J6~J8分别为层出镰刀菌CanR-8菌株(Fusarium proliferatum strain CanR-8)、黑曲霉DZ-4-3-1菌株(Aspergillus niger strain DZ-4-3-1)和总状毛霉M-22菌株(Mucor racemosus f. racemosus strain M-22)。8株菌产酶能力测定结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌(J5)产蛋白酶和纤维素酶的能力最强,分别达到153.247和66.552 U/mL,其他菌株的产酶能力相对较低。枯草芽孢杆菌、总状毛霉和黑曲霉可能是传统霉豆渣营养与特殊风味形成的主要发酵菌种。     

A facile hydrothermal synthesis of visible-light responsive BiFeWO6/MoS2 composite as superior photocatalyst for degradation of organic pollutants

In the present study, we have fabricated a new Z-scheme BiFeWO₆/MoS₂ composite for photocatalytic elimination of organic contaminants from the waste-water. A series of BiFeWO₆/MoS₂ composites were obtained by changing the amounts of BiFeWO₆ from 1 to 10 mg through a facile hydrothermal method. The phase structures and morphologies of these BiFeWO₆/MoS₂ composites were analyzed by SEM, HR-TEM, XRD, UV–vis DRS, element mapping and XPS techniques. Afterward, the dye-degradation experiments were conducted for the removal of Rhodamine B (RhB) using as-obtained BiFeWO₆/MoS₂ composite samples under visible-light illumination to evaluate their photocatalytic activity. It is found that the BiFeWO₆/MoS₂ composites exhibited great photocatalytic behavior than the pure BiFeWO₆ and MoS₂ samples. In particular, the BiFeWO₆/MoS₂ composite with 5 mg of BiFeWO₆ showed a quickly complete photocatalyst degradation ability of RhB in 75 min with high photo-stability and reusability behavior. This superior catalytic response of BiFeWO₆/MoS₂ composite may be contributed by its high light harvesting capacity as well as fast separation and movement of photo-generated electron-hole pairs. This proposed BiFeWO₆/MoS₂ composite is a very promising photocatalyst for environmental remediation work.     

白玉菇多糖对免疫抑制型小鼠的免疫调节作用

目的:研究白玉菇多糖对免疫抑制型小鼠脾脏、胸腺的免疫调节作用。方法:经超声波辅助热水浸提及Sevage法去蛋白得到白玉菇精多糖(RPHM)。将小鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型对照组、阳性对照组、RPHM低剂量组(30 mg/kg bw/d)、RPHM中剂量组(60 mg/kg bw/d)、RPHM高剂量组(120 mg/kg bw/d),每天同时间段进行灌胃,灌胃15 d,建立环磷酰胺(CPA)免疫抑制型小鼠模型。取小鼠脾脏、胸腺,测定其体重、脏器指数;血清细胞因子、单核-巨噬细胞吞噬能力;外周白细胞、红细胞和血小板计数并观察脾脏、胸腺的形态学。结果:与模型组相比,RPHM中剂量组(60 mg/kg bw/d)、高剂量组(120 mg/kg bw/d)可明显提升免疫抑制型小鼠的毛色、活动情况、身体状况、食欲、体重、脾脏指数和胸腺指数、单核-巨噬细胞吞噬功能、骨髓造血功能等指标;也可在一定程度上提高免疫抑制型小鼠IL-2、IL-12、IFN-γ和TNF-α的水平,并改善IL-6的分泌异常情况;还可明显改善免疫抑制型小鼠脾脏、胸腺的病变,改善结构完整度。结论:RPHM对免疫抑制型小鼠的脾脏和胸腺有明显的免疫调节作用。     

外源酶制剂在传统腊肉现代化工艺改造中的应用

选用中性蛋白酶和脂肪酶作为外源酶制剂应用于腊肉生产,采用均匀设计方法对中性蛋白酶添加量、脂肪酶添加量、滚揉时间及静腌时间4个关键工艺指标进行了筛选优化,比较分析了传统工艺腊肉与外源酶快速成熟腊肉的风味前体物质、蛋白质水解成分以及脂肪氧化指标的变化情况。结果表明:中性蛋白酶和脂肪酶的添加能够有效地促进腊肉风味前体物质的累积;随外源酶添加量的增加,腊肉蛋白质水解程度显著升高,非蛋白氮、游离氨基酸、酸价指标均显著上升,硫代巴比妥酸值呈现先升高后降低的趋势。当中性蛋白酶添加量达到200 mg/kg以上时,腊肉蛋白质水解程度超过20%,当脂肪酶添加量为600 mg/kg时,腊肉酸价达到最高1.52 mg/g。与传统工艺腊肉相比,外源酶快速成熟腊肉中的风味物质更加丰富,非蛋白氮质量分数和游离氨基酸总量均显著增加,17种游离氨基酸中有7种质量分数显著上升。外源酶制剂对腊肉风味的形成发挥着重要的促进作用,有效降低了产品食盐添加量,大大缩短了产品工艺周期,在传统腊肉现代化工艺改造中具有重要的应用价值。     

Preparation of nanocrystalline tin powders by the γ-radiation method

The γ-radiation method has been successfully used to prepare nanocrystalline tin powders. X-ray powder diffraction reveals that the product is single phase of tin with a tetragonal structure. Electron microscopy shows that the average particle size is about 28 nm. The mechanism of Sn²⁺ ion reduction during γ-irradiation is discussed.